Prevalence and Determinants of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Physical Characteristics of Tuberculosis Patients (n = 158)

Variables	Frequency	Percentage
Age  Mean (SD)	43.4 (18.7)
Gender  Male  Female	105 53	66.5 33.5
Nationality  Saudi  Non-Saudi	76 82	48.1 51.9
Non-Saudi (n = 82)  Pakistan  Myanmar  India  Yamen  Other	17 10 8 7 40	20.7 12.2 9.8 8.5 48.8
Residence  Makkah  Outside Makkah	132 26	83.5 16.5
Occupation (n = 35)  Student  Teacher  Jobless  House wife  Laborer  Driver  Nurse  Retired  House maid	12 5 5 3 3 2 2 2 1	34.3 13.9 13.9 8.6 8.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 2.9
Smoking (n = 103)  Non-smoker  Ever smoker	61 42	59.2 40.8
Weight (n = 140)  Mean (SD)	63.1 (11.0)
Height (n = 139)  Mean (SD)	163.8 (7.5)
BMI (n = 139)  Mean (SD)	24.4 (4.2)
BMI (n = 139)  Normal  Underweight  Overweight/bese	73 10 56	52.5 7.2 40.3
Chronic disease  Yes  No	64 94	40.5 59.5
Lung disease  Yes  No	8 150	5.1 94.9
HIV nfection (n = 139)  Yes  No	0.7 99.3	1 138

Table 2 Characteristics of Tuberculosis (n = 158)

Variables	Frequency	Percentage
TB site  Pulmonary  Extrapulmonary	137 21	86.7 13.3
Extrapulmonary site (n = 21)  Spine  Lymphadenitis  Meningitis  Abdomen  Bone	13 3 3 1 1	61.9 14.3 14.3 4.8 4.8
Previous TB treatment  Yes  No	14 144	8.9 91.1
Status of previous treatment (n = 14)  Completed  Interrupted	5 9	35.7 64.3
Drug resistance  Yes  No	27 131	17.1 82.9
Names of drug (n = 27)  Streptomycin  Isoniazid  Ethambutol  Rifampicin  Streptomycin–isoniazid  Streptomycin–rifampicin  Rifampicin–isoniazid  Streptomycin–isoniazid–ethambutol  Rifampicin–isoniazid–ethambutol  Rifampicin–isoniazid–ethambutol–streptomycin  Rifampicin–isoniazid–ethambutol–pyrazinamide  Rifampicin–isoniazid–ethambutol–streptomycin–pyrazinamide	7 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2	25.9 11.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 3.7 3.7 7.4 3.7 7.4
Resistance class (n = 27)  MDR  Mono  Rifampicinesistant  Polyresistant	8 12 2 5	29.6 44.4 7.4 18.5

Figure 1 Prevalence of MDR TB among TB patients in Makkah (n = 158).

Table 3 Factors Associated with MDR TB and Anti-TB Drug Resistance in Makkah, KSA

Variables	MDR Tuberculosis				Anti-TB Drug-Resistant TB
	Crude OR (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Adjusted^¥ OR (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Crude OR (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Adjusted^¥  OR (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value
Age	1.01 (0.97–1.04)	0.732	1.094 (1.016–1.179)	0.017*	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.297	1.04 (1.004–1.071)	0.029*
Gender  Male  Female	1 0.65 (0.13–3.32)	0.602	–	–	1 0.99 (0.41–2.38)	0.980	–	–
Nationality  Saudi  Non-Saudi	1 1.58 (0.36–6.85)	0.541	–	–	1 0.58 (0.25–1.35)	0.206	–	–
Residence  Makkah  Other	1 0.00 (0.00–0.00)	0.998	–	–	1 0.16 (0.02–1.26)	0.082	–	–
Smoking  Never  Ever	1 12.0 (1.42–101.62)	0.023	1 72.1 (2.41–2157.8)	0.014*	1 1.83 (0.74–4.54)	0.192	1 2.14 (0.79–5.82)	0.136
BMI  Normal  Underweight  Overweight/obese	1 2.59 (0.24–27.66) 1.80 (0.38–8.37)	0.430 0.456	–	–	1 2.18 (0.49–9.64) 1.39 (0.57–3.37)	0.305 0.471	1 3.90 (0.69–22.06) 1.57 (0.56–4.38)	0.124 0.390
Chronic disease  No  Yes	1 0.20 (0.02–1.64)	0.133	1 0.20 (0.001–0.37)	0.009*	1 0.56 (0.23–1.38)	0.210	1 0.45 (0.14–1.46)	0.184
TB site  Pulmonary  Extrapulmonary	1 2.30 (0.43–12.2)	0.329	–	–	1 0.78 (0.21–2.88)	0.715	–	–
Lung disease  No  Yes	1 2.92 (031–27.10)	0.346	1 43.08 (1.06–1746.9)	0.046*	1 0.68 (0.08–5.78)	0.725	–	–
Previous TB  No  Yes	1 7.6 (1.60–36.0)	0.011	1 55.4 (3.26–941.4)	0.005*	1 1.36 (0.35–5.26)	0.652	1 2.29 (0.46–11.36)	0.310

Notes: ^¥Mutually adjusted for each other. *p-value <0.05. – not included in the multivariate model.