Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Meat and Swab Samples of Various Contact Surfaces at Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest District of Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Proportions of E. Coli and E. Coli O157: H7 Positive Samples Obtained from the Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest of Ethiopia

Samples Sources	Types of Samples	No. of Samples Tested	No. of Positive Samples		Positive/ Sample Tested	Prop. of Positives [95% CI]	p-value
			E. coli N (%)	E. coli O157: H7 N (%)
Abattoir house	Meat sample	90	18 (20.0)	4 (4.4)	22/90	0.244 [0.167,0.344]	0.001
	Ceacal content	90	19 (21.1)	9 (10.0)	28/90	0.311 [0.224,0.414]	0.001
	Hand swabs	30	4 (13.3)	1 (3.3)	5/30	0.167 [0.071,0.343]	0.001
	Knives swabs	20	4 (20.0)	1 (5.0)	5/20	0.250 [0.108,0.478]	0.033
	Cutting board swabs	20	6 (30.0)	2 (10.0)	8/20	0.400 [0.214,0.620]	0.374
	Protective cloth swabs	20	2 (10.0)	0	2/20	0.100 [0.025,0.324]	0.003
	Transport vehicles swab	15	2 (13.3)	0	2/15	0.133 [0.034,0.504]	0.014
	Sub-total N (%)	285	55(19.3%)	17 (6.0%)	72/285	0.253 [0.206,0.306]	0.001
Butcher shops	Meat sample	90	26 (28.9)	5 (5.6)	31/90	0.344 [0.254,0.448]	0.004
	Hand swabs	40	5 (12.5)	0	5/40	0.125 [0.053,0.567]	0.001
	Knie swabs	30	5 (16.7)	1(5.0)	6/30	0.200 [0.093,0.379]	0.002
	Cutting board swabs	30	7 (23.3)	3 (10.0)	10/30	0.333 [0.190,0.516]	0.074
	Protective cloth swabs	30	4 (13.3)	1 (5.0)	5/30	0.167 [0.071,0.343]	0.001
	Sub-total N (%)	220	47 (21.4%)	10 (4.5%)	57/220	0.259 [0.205, 0.321]	0.001
Total N (%)		505	102 (20.2%)	27 (5.4%)	129/505	0.255 [0.219,0.295]	0.001

Table 2 Summary of Observational Checklist Results on Educational Level and Hygienic Practice of the Abattoir and Butcher Shop Workers in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Activities Observed and Checked	Abattoir House Workers	Butcher Shop Workers
Having formal education certificate on food safety	None of them	None of them
Having short course training on safe meat handling	None of them	None of them
Use of protective clean clothing	None of them	None of them
Regular washing of hand and processing tools	None of them	None of them
Regular disinfection of hand, the floor and processing tools	None of them	None of them
Is slaughtered animals flaying/dehiding and evisceration/ fisting on separate surface?	No	Not checked
Fisting done with most care to avoid carrying dirt	No	Not checked
Is there adequate supply of clean water?	No	Not
Use of separate knives for cutting of meat and abdominal contents	None of them	None of them
Use of separate chopping boards for cutting of carcass and abdominal organs	None of them	None of them
Use of the separate buckets of water for cleaning knives, washing hands	None of them	None of them

Table 3 Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of E. Coli and E. Coli O157: H7 Isolates in Different Samples from Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest of Ethiopia

Antimicrobial Disc (Code)	Resistance Patterns
	E. coli (n=102)			E. coli O157: H7 (n=27)
	S (%)	I (%)	R (%)	S (%)	I (%)	R (%)
Ampicillin (AMP)	9 (8.8)	0	93 (91.2)	2 (7.4)	1 (3.7)	24 (88.9)
Amoxicillin -clavulanic acid (AMC)	66 (64.7)	3 (2.9)	33 (32.4)	17 (63.0)	2 (7.4)	8 (29.6)
Cefotaxime (CTX)	96 (94.1)	3 (2.9)	3 (2.9)	23 (85.2)	1 (3.7)	2 (7.4)
Ceftriaxone (CRO)	97 (95.1)	2(2.0)	4 (3.9)	24 (88.9)	1 (3.7)	2 (7.4)
Ceftazidime (CTZ)	94 (92.2)	3 (2.9)	5 (4.9)	23 (85.2)	2 (7.4)	2 (7.4)
Chloramphenicol (CHL)	97 (95.1)	0	5 (4.9)	23 (85.2)	1 (3.7)	3 (11.1)
Ciprofloxacin (CIP)	98 (96.1)	0	3 (2.9)	26 (96.3)	0	1 (3.7)
Erythromycin (ERY)	3 (2.9)	0	99 (97.1)	2 (7.4)	0	25 (92.6)
Gentamicin (GEN)	96 (94.1)	1(1.0)	5 (4.9)	25 (92.6)	1 (3.7)	1 (3.7)
Kanamycin (KAN)	97 (95.1)	0	5 (4.9)	24 (88.9)	1 (3.7)	2 (7.4)
Streptomycin (STR)	96 (94.1)	1 (1.0)	5 (4.9)	25 (92.6)	0	2 (7.4)
Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (SXT)	63 (61.8)	0	39 (38.2)	16 (59.3)	0	11 (40.7)
Tetracycline (TET)	64 (62.7)	1 (1.0)	37 (36.3)	15 (55.6)	0	12 (44.4)

Abbreviations: S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistance.

Table 4 Multi-Drug Resistance Profiles of E. Coli and E. Coli O157: H7 Isolates in Samples Obtained from Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest of Ethiopia

Sources of Isolates	Resistance Patterns	Antibiotics Classes	Sources of MDR (%)			MDR Isolates (%)		Total MDR
			Meat Samples	Ceacal Content	Swab Samples	E. coli	E. coli O157: H7
Abattoir house (n=72)	Abattoir house (N=72)		(n=22)	(n=28)	(n=22)	(n=55)	(n=17)	(n=72)
	Amp, ERY, SXT	R3	3	3	3	7	2	9
	AMP, ERY, TET	R3	3	3	3	7	2	9
	AMP, ERY, SXT, TET	R4	2	2	1	4	1	5
	AMP, ERY, AMC, CXT, SXT, TET	R4	1	2	1	3	1	4
	AMP, ERY, AMC, SXT, TET, STR, GEN	R5	0	2	0	1	1	2
	Sub-Total MDR		9	12	8	22	7	29/72
Butcher shops (n=57)	Butcher shops (N=57)		(n=31)	─	(n=26)	(n=47)	(n=10)	(n=57)
	AMP, ERY, SXT	R3	5	─	3	6	2	8
	AMP, ERY, TET	R3	4	─	4	6	2	8
	AMP, ERY, SXT, TET	R4	3	─	3	4	2	6
	AMP, ERY, AMC, CXT, SXT, TET	R4	2	─	2	3	1	4
	AMP, ERY, AMC, SXT, TET, STR, GEN	R5	1	─	1	2	0	2
	Sub-Total MDR		15	─	13	21	7	28/57
Overall MDR (%)			24 (45.3%)	12 (42.9%)	21 (43.8%)	43 (42.2%)	14 (51.8%)	57 (44.2%)

Abbreviations: R3-R5, resistance to three, four and five classes of antibiotics; AMP, ampicillin, CXT, cefotaxime, ERY, erythromycin, GEN, gentamicin, STR, streptomycin, SXT, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, TET, tetracycline.

Table 5 Analysis of MDR Profiles Based on Strain of Isolate, Samples Sources and Samples Types in Jimma Town, Southwest of Ethiopia

Categories		Number of Antibiotic Classes			MDR/ Total	Prop. of MDR [95% CI]	p-value
		R3	R4	R5
Sample types	Meat isolates (n=53)	15	8	1	24/53	0.453 [0.663, 0.881]	0.001
	Cecal isolates (n=28)	6	4	2	12/28	0.429 [0.561, 0.876]	0.012
	Swab sample isolates (n=58)	13	7	1	21/58	0.362 [0.473, 0.720]	0.118
Total MDR [95% CI]		34 (26.4%)	19 (14.7%)	4 (3.1%)	57/129	0.442 [0.575, 0.821]	0.003
Sources of samples	Abattoir house (n=72)	18	9	2	29/72	0.403 [0.579, 0.790]	0.001
	Butcher shops (n=57)	16	10	2	28/57	0.491 [0.724, 0.916]	0.001
Total MDR [95% CI]		34 (26.4%)	19 (14.7%)	4 (3.1%)	57/129	0.442 [0.593, 0.885]	0.004
Strains of isolates	E. coli (n=102)	26	14	3	43/102	0.422 [0.662, 0.829]	0.001
	E. coli O157: H7 (n=27)	8	5	1	14/27	0.518 [0.586, 0.897]	0.007
Total MDR [95% CI]		34 (26.4%)	19 (14.7%)	4 (3.1%)	57/129	0.442 [0.678, 0.826]	0.001

Abbreviations: R3-R5, resistance to three, four and five classes of antibiotics.