Elevated Level of Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Patients Attending Health Centers in North Gondar, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Gram-Negative Bacteria Demonstrating Imipenem Resistance Isolated from the Two Health Centers in North Gondar, Ethiopia

Health Center	Number of Samples Analyzed	Percentage of Imipenem Resistant Bacteria
University of Gondar referral hospital	113	19.46
Maksegnit health center	40	22.5
Total	153

Figure 1 Percentage of culture positive and negative samples on MacConkey agar plates after 24 hours of growth.

Figure 2 Diversity of Gram-negative imipenem-resistant bacteria identified by biochemical studies and 16S rRNA sequencing.

Figure 3 Comparison of the motility types of S. maltophilia isolates. The three different motility patterns was assayed using tryptone broth with 0.3% (w/v) agarose (swimming), nutrient broth with 0.5% (w/v) agar and 5 g/l glucose (swarming), and LB broth with 1% (w/v) granulated agar (twitching).

Table 2 Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Recovered from Sputum Samples

Species	Total Number	Antibiotics Tested
		CN R (%)	SXT R (%)	AMP R (%)	C R (%)	AMC R(%)	NOR R(%)	TE R (%)
A. baumannii	16	25	100	100	ND	100	ND	81.25
K. pneumoniae	15	13.33	93.33	100	26.67	86.67	26.67	100
P. aeruginosa	13	23.07	69.23	100	ND	ND	30.76	ND
S. marcescens	11	18.18	18.18	100	27.27	100	ND	100
A. pittii	10	10	10	100	30	100	ND	ND
S. maltophilia	3	0	ND	100	33.33	100	ND	33.33
E. coli	3	33.33	66.67	100	33.33	66.67	66.67	33.33
E. hormaechei	3	0	0	100	0	ND	33.33	33.33
A. junii	2	0	0	100	50	50	ND	ND
K. cryocrescens	2	50	50	100	0	100	ND	ND
A. calcoaceticus	1	0	0	100	ND	100	ND	ND

Abbreviations: CN, gentamycin; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; AMP, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; AMC, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid; NOR, norfloxacin; TE, tetracycline; ND, not done.

Table 3 Multidrug-Resistance Profiles of Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Recovered from Sputum Samples

Species	Total Number	Degree of Resistance
		R2 (%)	R3 (%)	R4 (%)	R5 (%)	R6 (%)
A. baumannii	16		100	100	100	25
K. pneumoniae	15		100	100	93.75	40
P. aeruginosa	13	100	92.30	30.76	15.38	–
S. marcescens	11		100	100	45.45	18.18
A. pittii	10		100	40	10	–
S. maltophilia	3		100	33.33	33.33	–
E. coli	3		100	100	66.67	33.33
E. hormaechei	3	66.67	33.33	–	–	–
A. junii	2		100	–	–	–
K. cryocrescens	2		100	100	–	–

Note: ≥ R3: resistance to 3 or more antibiotic = MDR.

Abbreviations: R, resistance; MDR, multidrug resistance.