Renal Involvement in COVID-19: A Review of the Literature

Figures & data

Table 1 Studies Evaluating Prevalence of Kidney Injury During COVID-19

Author (Reference)	Country	Type of Study	N COVID Patients	N (%) of Males	N (%) of Patients with Severe Forms Admitted to ICU	Median Age (Range)	Definition of Kidney Injury	N (%) COVID-19 Patients with Kidney Injury
Arentz M, 2020^Citation9	United States	Case series	21	Not reported	21 (100%)	70 (43–92)	KDIGO definition* and the International Society of Nephrology	4 (19.1)
Chan L, 2020^Citation10	United States	Observational study	3235	1868 (57%)	815 (25.2%)	66.5 (55.6–77.8)	Increase in the peak serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL or 50% above baseline	1406 (46%)
Chen N, 2020^Citation11	China	Retrospective single-center study	99	67 (68%)	Not reported	55 (21–82)	Increase in serum creatinine or BUN	3 (3%)
Chen T, 2020^Citation12	China	Case series	274	171 (62%)	50 (18.5%)	62 (44–70)	KDIGO definition*	29 (11%)
Cheng Y, 2020^Citation7	China	Prospective cohort study	701	367 (52.4%)	73 (10.4%)	63 (50–71)	KDIGO definition*	36 (5.1%)
Guan W, 2020^Citation13	China	Observational study	1099	637 (58%)	173 (15%)	47 (35–58)	KDIGO definition* or presumed to have occurred within 7 days; or urine volume of below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 consecutive hours	6 (0.5%)
Hirsch J, 2020^Citation14	United States	Retrospective observational cohort study	5449	3317 (60.9)	1395 (25.6%)	64.0 (52–75)	KDIGO definition*	1993 (36.6%)
Wang H, 2020^Citation15	United States	Retrospective observational study	19,249	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Using definitions established by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN)	4369 (22.7%)
Xu S, 2020^Citation16	China	Retrospective study	355	Not reported	60 (16.9%)	Not reported	Any of renal functional indices beyond normal range	56 (15.8%)
Yan Q, 2020^Citation17	China	Retrospective, observational cohort study	882	440 (49.9%)	105 (11.9%)	71 (68–77)	KDIGO definition*	115 (13%)
Zhang G, 2020^Citation18	China	Case series	221	108 (48.9%)	55 (24.8%)	55 (39–66.5)	Not reported	10 (4.5%)

Notes: *KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome) criteria: AKI is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level up to 1.5 times the baseline level, or increase at least 0.3 mg/dL within the past 48 hours.

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2.

Figure 2 Sites of direct renal damage in SARS-CoV2.

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