Drug Resistance Pattern of M. tuberculosis Complex in Oromia Region of Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants, n = 450, Oromia, 2020

Characteristics		N (%)
Age (years)	<18	52(11.6)
	18–28	203(45.1)
	29–39	106(23.6)
	40–45	55 (12.2)
	>50	34 (7.6)
Sex	Male	240(53.3)
	Female	210(46.7)
Address (Zones)	North Shewa	37(8.2)
	South West Shewa	28(6.2)
	East Shewa	92(20.4)
	Arsi	88(19.6)
	West Arsi	24(5.3)
	Bale	64(14.2)
	Guji	60(13.3)
	Borena	25(5.6)
	West Harerge	32(7.1)
Education status	Cannot read and write	169(37.6)
	Read and write	88 (19.6)
	Elementary school	146 (32.4)
	Secondary school	31 (6.9)
	College and above	16 (3.6)
Occupation	Farmer	160 (35.6)
	Merchant	17(3.8)
	Government employee	10 (2.2)
	Student	84 (18.2)
	Others**	178(39.6)
Residence	Urban	174(38.7)
	Semi-urban	21 (4.7)
	Rural	255(56.7)
Window	Yes	318 (70.7)
	No	128 (28.4)
	Homeless	4 (0.9)
Source of energy	Wood cow-dung charcoal	435(96.7)
	Kerosene	4 (0.9)
	Electricity	8 (1.8)
	None	3 (0.9)
Family size	Lives alone	10 (2.2)
	1–4	298 (66.2)
	>4	142 (31.6)
Number of rooms	No room	4(0.9)
	One	159 (35.3)
	Two	232 (51.6)
	Three	42 (9.3)
	Four	11 (2.4)
	Five	2 (0.4)
Number of meals per day	Three and above	380 (84.4)
	Less than three	13 (2.9)
	No regular meal	57 (12.7)

Notes: Others** indicates housewife, Daily laborer, or jobless.

Table 2 Clinical Information Obtained from Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients, Oromia, 2020

Clinical Characteristics	Number (%)
Category of tuberculosis treatment history	New	343 (76.2)
	Prev treated	107 (23.8)
Duration of adherence to treatment after 4 wks	<6mo	55(51.4)
(n = 107)	>or= 6mo	46 (43.0)
	Unknown	6 (5.6)
Treatment outcome of prev treated	Cured	42(39.3)
(n = 107)	Not cured	59 (55.1)
	Unknown	6 (5.6)
Historyofclosecontactwithchronic cougher	No	368 (81.8)
	Yes	82(18.2)
Duration of illness before medical treatment	< 1mo	137 (30.4)
	1−2mo	225(50.0)
	>2mo	88 (19.6)
Used traditional medicine	No	397 (88.2)
	Yes	53 (11.8)
HIV serum status	Negative	404 (89.8)
	Positive	34 (7.6)
	Unknown	12 (2.6)
BCG vaccination status	Not Vaccinated	322 (71.6)
	Vaccinated	112 (24.9)
	Do not remember	16 (3.6)
Nutritional status (BMI*)	Severe UW	40 (8.9)
	Moderate UW	52(11.6)
	Mild UW	140 (31.1)
	Normal	213(47.3)
	Overweight	5(1.1)

Abbreviations: BMI*, body mass index; UW, underweight.

Table 3 Distribution of MDR by Patient Characteristics, (n=387), Oromia, 2020

	Non-MDR-TB Number	MDR-TB Number (%)	Total
Total	357	30(7.8)	387
Age group (years)
<18	45	0 (0)	45
18–28	157	15 (8.7)	172
29–39	82	10(10.9)	92
40–50	48	3 (5.9)	51
>50	25	2 (7.4)	27
Sex
Male	195	17 (8.0)	212
Female	162	13 (7.4)	175
Zone
North Shewa	29	2 (6.4)	31
South-West Shewa	25	1 (3.8)	26
East Shewa	63	5 (7.3)	68
Arsi	80	3 (3.6)	83
West-Arsi	17	5 (22.7)	22
Bale	41	5 (10.9)	46
Guji	54	4 (6.9)	58
Borena	23	0 (0)	23
West-Harerge	25	5 (16.7)	30
Residence
Urban	124	14 (10.1)	138
Semi-urban	16	0 (0)	16
Rural	217	16 (6.9)	233
Nutritional status
Severe under nutrition	31	3 (8.8)	34
Moderate under nutrition	41	6 (12.8)	47
Mild under nutrition	96	14 (12.7)	110
Normal	186	7 (3.6)	193
Over weight	3	0 (0)	3
HIV status
Negative	320	27(7.8)	347
Positive	27	3 (10)	30
Unknown	10	0 (0)	10
Treatment history
New	298	8 (2.6)	306
Previously treated	59	22 (27.1)	81

Table 4 Description of Characteristics of the Patients with XDR-TB, Oromia, 2020

	1	2	3	4
Sam. code	BH170	BH302	BH486	BH303
Age (yrs)	22	35	34	24
Sex	Male	Female	Male	Male
Zone	W/Harerge/Oda Bultum 31	W/Harerge/Chiro	East Shewa/Bushoftu	Arsi/Robe Dide’a
Residence	Rural	Rural	Urban	Rural
Education	Elementary	Cannot read and write	Elementary	Cannot read and write
Occupation	Farmer	Farmer	Daily laborer	Farmer
Contact history	None	None	None	None
Previous treatment	New	Previously treated	Previously treated	New
Nutritional status	Mildmalnutrition (UW)	Moderate malnutrition (UW)	Moderate malnutrition (UW)	Normal
HIV status	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Resistance	XDR	XDR	XDR	Pre-XDR

Table 5 Patient Characteristics and Their Associations with Multidrug Resistance (n = 387), Oromia, 2020

Characteristics		Total	MDR	COR	95% CI	P-value	AOR	95% CI	P-value
Age G	<18	45	0	–
	18–28	157	15	0.78	0.33–1.8	0.571
	29–39	82	10	1
	40–50	48	3	0.51	0.13–1.93	0.328
	>50	25	2	0.66	0.14–3.20	0.602
Sex	Male	195	17	1.09	0.51–2.30	0.829
	Female	162	13	1
Education	Illiterate	148	16	1.4	0.30–6.47	0.672
	Read & write	74	4	0.66	0.11–3.83	0.640
	Elementary	125	8	0.79	0.16–3.94	0.770
	Secondary	25	2	1
	College, above	15	0	–
Occupatn	Farmer	131	12	0.73	0.08–6.36	0.531
	Gov. employee	10	0	–
	Merchant	8	1	1
	Others*	138	13	0.75	0.09–6.50	0.797
Residence	Urban	124	14	1
	Semi urban	16	0	–
	Rural	217	16	1.53	0.72– 3.24	0.266
Treatment	New	298	8	1
	Prev treated	59	22	0.72	0.03–0.17	0.000	9.94	3.73–26.51	<0.001
Contact	No	284	29	1
	Yes	73	1	7.45	0.99–55.63	0.05	0.18	0.22–1.43	0.103
DoI*	<1mo	122	3	1
	1–2mo	180	12	0.09	0.025–0.32	0.000	1.89	0.48–7.38	0.362
	>2mo	55	15	0.24	0.11–0.55	0.001	2.42	0.55–10.60	0.241
NS*	Severely UN	34	3	2.57	0.63–10.48	0.188	2.95	0.61–14.20	0.176
	Moderately	47	6	3.89	1.24–12.18	0.020	3.41	0.98–11.92	0.550
	Mildly	110	14	3.88	1.51–9.92	0.005	3.15	1.13–8.81	0.029
	Normal	193	7	1
	Overweight	3	0	–
HIV status	Negative	374	27	1
	Positive	30	3	0.76	0.22–2.66	0.667

Abbreviations: DoI*, duration of illness before medical treatment; NS*, nutritional status.

Table 6 Comparison of MDR and Non-MDR Within Groups of Selected Variables (n = 387), Oromia, 2020

Characteristics		Total N (%)	MDR N (%)	Non-MDR N (%)	P-value
Age	<18	45(11.6)	0(0)	45(12.6)	0.239
	18–28	172(44.4)	15(8.7)	157(91.3)
	29–39	92(23.8)	10(10.9)	82(89.1)
	40–45	51(13.2)	3(5.9)	48(94.1)
	>50	27(7.0)	2(7.4)	25(92.6)
Sex	Male	212(54.8)	17(8.0)	195(92.0)	0.829
	Female	175(45.2)	13(7.4)	162(92.6)
Zones	North Shewa	31(8.0)	2(6.5)	29(93.5)	0.067*
	South-West Shewa	26(6.7)	1(3.8)	25(96.2)
	East Shewa	68(17.6)	5(7.4)	63(92.6)
	Arsi	83(21.4)	3(3.6)	80(96.4)
	West Arsi	22(5.7)	5(22.7)	17(77.3)
	Bale	46(11.9)	5(10.9)	41(89.1)
	Guji	58(15.0)	4(6.9)	54(93.1)
	Borena	23(5.9)	0(0)	23(100)
	West Harerge	30(7.8)	5(16.7)	25(83.3)
Residence	Urban	138(35.7)	14(10.1)	124(89.9)	0.259
	Semi-urban	16(4.1)	0(0)	16(100)
	Rural	233(60.2)	16(6.9)	217(93.1)
BCG	Not Vaccinated	280(72.4)	28(10)	252(90)	0.027
	Vaccinated	95(24.5)	2(2.1)	93(97.9)
	Unknown	12(3.1)	0(0)	12(100)

Note: *Fisher’s exact test.