Bacterial Meningitis Among Adult Patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital

Figures & data

Table 1 Frequency of Study Participants by Age Groups, Gender and Year at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables			Frequency	Percent
Socio-demographic characteristics	Age group	18–27	1199	32.6%
		28–37	1067	29%
		38–47	682	18.5%
		48–57	360	9.8%
		58–67	214	5.8%
		≥ 68	161	4.4%
	Sex	Male	2052	55.7%
		Female	1631	44.3%
	Hospitalized status	>48 hours	3313	90%
		<48 hours	370	10%
Year of data collection	2011	Male	224	54.8%
		Female	185	45.2%
	2012	Male	92	46%
		Female	108	54%
	2013	Male	203	51.5%
		Female	191	48.5%
	2014	Male	250	57.6%
		Female	184	42.4%
	2015	Male	218	52.7%
		Female	196	47.3%
	2016	Male	184	60.7%
		Female	119	39.3%
	2017	Male	180	55.4%
		Female	145	44.6%
	2018	Male	267	52.1%
		Female	245	47.9%
	2019	Male	272	64%
		Female	153	36%
	2020	Male	162	60.7%
		Female	105	39.3%

Table 2 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis That Shows the Relationship Between Clinical Characteristics and Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis Among Adult Patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Clinical characterstics		Positive for BM	Negative for BM	COR (95% CI)	p-value	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Gender	Male	33 (1.61%)	2019 (98.39%)	0.53 (0.283–0.993)	0.048^S	0.528 (0.282–0.99)	0.047^S
	Female	14 (0.86%)	1617 (99.14%)	1		1
Hospitalization	> 48 hours	43 (1.30%)	3270 (98.70%)	0.831 (0.297–2.33)	0.725	0.819 (0.292–2.30)	0.705
	<48 hours	4 (1.08%)	366 (98.92%)	1		1
Age category	18–27	12 (1.00%)	1187 (99.00%)	1.01 (0.822–1.244)	0.916	1.017 (0.827–1.25)	0.871
	28–37	18 (1.69%)	1049 (98.31%)	1.01 (0.822–1.244)		1.017 (0.827–1.25)
	38–47	9 (1.32%)	673 (98.68%)	1.01 (0.822–1.244)		1.017 (0.827–1.25)
	48–57	4 (1.11%)	356 (98.99%)	1.01 (0.822–1.244)		1.017 (0.827–1.25)
	58–67	3 (1.40%)	211 (98.56%)	1.01 (0.822–1.244)		1.017 (0.827–1.25)
	≥ 68	1 (0.62%)	160 (99.38%)	1		1

Note: s=statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BM, bacterial meningitis; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1 Frequency and percentage of bacterial isolates at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Figure 2 Trends of bacterial meningitis by years at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from January to August, 2020

Antibiotics	Streptococcus pneumoniae		Streptococcus viridians		Staphylococcus aureus		Coagulase Negative Staphylococci		Listeria monocytogenes
	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)
Ampicillin	6 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)
Ceftriaxone	6 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	3 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Chloramphenicol	7 (77.8)	2 (22.2)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)
Ciprofloxacin	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	N/A	N/A	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gentamicin	1 (25)	3 (75)	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)
PencillinG	11 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (50)	1 (50)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Cotrimoxazole	2 (33.3)	4 (66.7)	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	3 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Amoxicillin	3 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)
Norfloxacin	3 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Vancomycin	7 (87.5)	1 (12.5)	1 (100)	0 (0)	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Clindamycin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	3 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)
Cefoxitin	2 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	3 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tetracycline	3 (42.9)	4 (57.1)	N/A	N/A	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A
Erythromycin	4 (80)	1 (20)	N/A	N/A	4 (66.7)	2 (33.3)	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A
Cefuroxime	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kanamycin	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	N/A

Abbreviations: S, sensitive; R, resistant; NLF, non-lactose fermenter; N/A, not applicable.

Table 4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from January to August, 2020

Antibiotics	E. coli		N. meningitidis		K. pneumoniae		K. ozanae		S. dysenteriae		Citrobacter Species		NLF Gram-Negative Rods
	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)	S (%)	R (%)
Ampicillin	0 (0)	5 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (50)	1 (50)	0 (0)	3 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Ceftriaxone	3 (100)	0 (0)	3 (75)	1 (25)	2 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (50)	1 (50)
Chloramphenicol	2 (50)	2 (50)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Ciprofloxacin	3 (60)	2 (40)	2 (67)	1 (33)	3 (75)	1 (25)	2 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)
Gentamicin	4 (67)	2 (33)	0 (0)	1 (100)	2 (67)	1 (33)	1 (33)	2 (67)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (50)	1 (50)
PencillinG	N/A	N/A	2 (67)	1 (33)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cotrimoxazole	3 (100)	0 (0)	3 (100)	0 (0)	1 (33)	2 (67)	0 (0)	2 (100)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (50)	1 (50)
Amoxicillin	0 (0)	1 (100)	3 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Norfloxacin	0 (0)	1 (100)	2 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Vancomycin	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Clindamycin	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cefoxitin	N/A	N/A	1 (50)	1 (50)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Meropenem	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)
Tetracycline	3 (100)	0 (0)	3 (100)	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	2 (100)	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Erythromycin	N/A	N/A	3 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Imipenem	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cefuroxime	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)
Tobramycin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)
Ceftazidime	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2 (100)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0 (0)	1 (100)

Abbreviations: S, sensitive; R, resistant; NLF, non-lactose fermenter; N/A, not applicable.

Table 5 Multidrug-Resistant Patterns for Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from January to August, 2020

Bacterial Isolate	R3	R4	Greater Than 4	Frequency
S. pneumoniae	1	0	0	1
S. viridians	1	0	0	1
S. aureus	0	0	2	2
L. monocytogens	0	0	0	0
CoNS	1	0	0	1
N. meningitis	1	1	0	2
E. coli	2	2	0	4
K. pneumoniae	1	0	0	1
NLFGNR	0	0	1	1
Citrobacter species	0	0	0	0
K. ozanae	1	0	1	2
S. dysenteriae	0	0	0	0
Total	8	3	4	15

Abbreviations: R3, resistance to 3 drug classes; R4, resistance to 4 drug classes; >4, resistance to greater than 4 drug classes.