Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Northwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women Attending ANC at Selected Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia

Variables	Categories	Seroprevalence		Total n (%)
		Negative n (%)	Positive n (%)
Age (Years)	18–24	36 (30)	84 (70)	120 (29.9)
	25–30	60 (28)	153 (72)	213 (53.1)
	>30	21 (31)	47 (69)	68 (17)
Residential	Rural	56 (31)	122 (69)	178 (44.4)
	Urban	61 (27)	162 (73)	223 (55.6)
Educational level	Illiterate	48 (31)	108 (69)	156 (38.9)
	Primary	16 (25)	49 (75)	65 (16.2)
	Secondary	20 (26)	58 (74)	78 (19.5)
	Above secondary	33 (32)	69 (68)	102 (25.4)
Occupational status	Governmental employee	36 (36)	63 (64)	99 (24.7)
	Traders (self-employed)	16 (20)	65 (80)	81 (20.2)
	Farmers	30 (33)	62 (67)	92 (22.9)
	Housewives	35 (27)	94 (73)	129 (32.2)
Gestational period	1st trimester	23 (27)	61 (73)	84 (20.9)
	2nd trimester	52 (31)	117 (69)	169 (42.1)
	3rd trimester	42 (28)	106 (72)	148 (36.9)
Average monthly income (ETB)	<1000	35 (31.5)	76 (68.5)	111 (27.7)
	1000–3000	53 (26)	149 (74)	202 (50.4)
	3001–6000	19 (28)	49 (72)	68 (17)
	≥6001	10 (50)	10 (50)	20 (5)

Figure 1 Seropositivity for T. gondii in pregnant women among health facilities.

Table 2 Demographic Risk Factors Associated with T. gondii Seropositivity in Pregnant Women

Variables	Category	Total n (%)	Seropositive n (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Age (years)	18–24	120 (29.9)	84 (70)	1.00
	25–30	213 (53.1)	153 (72)	1.09 (0.67–1.79)	–
	>30	68 (17)	47 (69)	0.96 (0.50–1.83)	–
Residence	Rural	178 (44.4)	122 (69)	1.00
	Urban	223 (55.6)	162 (73)	1.22 (0.79–1.88)	–
Educational status	Illiterate	156 (38.9)	108 (69)	1.08 (0.63–1.84)	–
	Primary	65 (16.2)	49 (75)	1.47 (0.73–2.95)	–
	Secondary	78 (19.5)	58 (74)	1.39 (0.72–2.67)	–
	Above secondary	102 (25.4)	69 (68)	1.00
Occupation	Farmers	94 (23.4)	59 (63)	1.00	1.00
	Traders	102 (25.4)	82 (80)	2.43 (1.28–4.63)*	2.69 (1.28–5.63)**
	Governmental employee	92 (22.9)	62 (67)	1.23 (0.67–2.24)	1.33 (0.61–2.91)
	Housewife	113 (28.2)	81 (72)	1.50 (0.84–2.70)*	1.49 (0.80–2.80)
AMI (ETB)	<1000	111 (27.7)	76 (69)	2.17 (0.83–5.69)*	3.57 (1.19–10.64)**
	1000–3000	202 (50.4)	149 (74)	2.81 (1.11–7.13)*	3.81 (1.37–10.61)**
	3001–6000	68 (17)	49 (72)	2.58 (0.93–7.18)*	3.88 (1.27–11.84)**
	≥6001	20 (5)	10 (50)	1.00	1.00

Notes: *p-value <0.2, **p-value <0.05.

Abbreviation: AMI, average monthly income.

Table 3 Clinical, Behavioural and Environmental Risk Factors Associated with T. gondii Seropositivity in Pregnant Women

Variables	Category	Total n (%)	Seropositive n (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Gestational period	1st trimester	84 (20.9)	61 (73)	1.18 (0.66–2.11)	–
	2nd trimester	169 (42.1)	117 (69)	1.00
	3rd trimester	148 (36.9)	106 (72)	1.12 (0.69–1.82)	–
History of abortion	No	324 (80.8)	226 (70)	1.00
	Yes	77 (19.2)	58 (75)	1.32 (0.75 −2.34)	–
Child with visual impairment	No	394 (98.3)	278 (71)	1.00
	Yes	7 (1.7)	6 (86)	2.50 (0.3–21.03)	–
History of blood transfusion	No	373 (93)	260 (70)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	28 (7)	24 (86)	2.61 (0.88–7.69)*	2.87 (0.88–9.30)
Habit of raw meat consumption	No	308 (76.8)	216 (70)	1.00
	Yes	93 (23.2)	68 (73)	1.16 (0.69–1.95)	–
Handwashing practices after handling raw meat	Always	288 (71.8)	198 (69)	1.00	1.00
	Sometimes	102 (25.4)	78 (76)	1.48 (0.88–2.49)*	1.93 (1.06–3.53)**
	Never	11 (2.7)	8 (73)	1.21 (0.31–4.68)	1.22 (0.29–5.16)
Habit of raw vegetable consumption	No	252 (62.8)	172 (68)	1.00
	Yes	149 (37.2)	112 (75)	1.41 (0.89–2.22)*	1.41 (0.84–2.37)
Residence agroclimatic situations	Highland	75 (18.7)	44 (59)	1.00	1.00
	Midland	285 (71.1)	213 (75)	2.08 (1.23–3.55)*	2.16 (1.23, 3.63)**
	Lowland	41 (10.2)	27 (66)	1.36 (0.62–3.00)	1.34 (0.59, 3.03)
Sources of water	Hand pump	203 (50.6)	137 (67)	1.00	1.00
	Municipal pump	106 (26.4)	80 (75)	1.48 (0.87–2.52)*	1.16 (0.54–2.48)
	Unprotected well water	62 (15.5)	46 (74)	1.39 (0.73–2.63)	2.37 (1.03–5.43)**
	Protected well water	30 (7.5)	21 (70)	1.12 (0.49–2.59)	1.91 (0.66–5.51)
Cat presence at home	No	212 (52.9)	154 (73)	1.00
	Yes	189 (47.1)	130 (69)	0.83 (0.54–1.28)	–

Notes: *p-value <0.2, **p-value <0.05.

Figure 2 Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in relation with agroecology of residence.