Antibacterial Effects of Disulfiram in Helicobacter pylori

Figures & data

Table 1 MIC Values of H. pylori Strain Used

Strains	Amoxicillin (μg/mL)	Clarithromycin (μg/mL)	Metronidazole (μg/mL)
S1	<0.016	<0.016	0.047
S2	<0.016	<0.016	<0.016
S3	<0.016	<0.016	0.016
AC1	6	16	0.32
AC2	0.75	1	256<
AC3	256<	256<	16
CH1	0.032	256<	256<
CH2	0.032	256<	256<
CH3	0.023	12	96
MZ1	<0.016	6	0.96
MZ2	0.023	0.75	128
MZ3	<0.016	0.25	48

Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; AC, amoxicillin-resistant strain; CH, clarithromycin-resistant strain; MZ, metronidazole-resistant strain.

Table 2 PCR Primers

Primer Name	Sequence	Product (bp)
16S-F	5-CTGAGACACGGTCCAGACTC-3	1055
16S-R	5-CAAGACCCGGGAACGTATTC-3

Figure 1 Inhibition of H. pylori growth at a disulfiram concentration of 1 µg/mL. (A) Drug-sensitive strain, (B) amoxicillin-resistant strain, (C) clarithromycin-resistant strain, and (D) metronidazole-resistant strain. The vertical axis represents the absorbance at OD₆₀₀ nm, and the horizontal axis represents the number of days of the culture. Numbers in parentheses indicate the disulfiram concentration (µg/mL).

Abbreviations: S, drug-sensitive strain; AC, amoxicillin-resistant strain; CH, clarithromycin-resistant strain; MZ, metronidazole-resistant strain.

Figure 2 Bacterial morphology and colonies. (A) Morphology of H. pylori growth in BHI broth without disulfiram, (B) morphology of H. pylori with 1μg of disulfiram. After cultivation in broth, bacteria were inoculated on BHI agar. (C) Colony of H. pylori transferred from BHI broth without disulfiram, (D) colony of H. pylori transferred from BHI broth with 1μg of disulfiram.

Figure 3 H. pylori pathogenic protein expression level. (A) Drug-sensitive strain, (B) amoxicillin-resistant strain, (C) clarithromycin-resistant strain, and (D) metronidazole-resistant strain. The vertical axis represents the protein expression level.

Table 3 16S rDNA Sequence

Strain Name	Number of Mutation	Number of Deletions/Insertions
S1	6	5
S2	1	2
S3	3	1
AC1	10	4
AC2	11	4
AC3	24	5
CH1	5	7
CH2	3	0
CH3	29	13
MZ1	8	10
MZ2	1	2
MZ3	6	8