One Health Approach of Melioidosis and Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections from Macaca fascicularis to Human at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

Figures & data

Figure 1 Geographical location of study area; Kosumpee Forest Park in Kosum Phisai district, Maha Sarakham province, Northeast Thailand (from Google Earth).

Figure 2 Long-tailed macaques were sedated by the blowpipe.

Table 1 Frequencies of Melioidosis IHA Serum Titers of Long-Tailed Macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand

Titer	No. Positive	%
<1:10	0	0
1:10	4	14.29
1:20	5	17.86
1:40	3	10.71
1:80	8	28.57
>1:80	8	28.57
Total samples	28	100.00

Table 2 Prevalence of GI Parasites in Long-Tailed Macaques in Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand

No. Sample	GI Parasitic Egg	Positive (% Prevalence)
131 fecal samples	Strongyloides spp.	20 (15.27)
	Trichuris spp.	30 (22.90)
	Hookworm	6 (4.58)
	Ascarid spp.	2 (1.53)
	Total	46 (35.11)

Table 3 Respondents’ knowledge, Attitude and Practices of melioidosis

Variables	Forest Park Staff (n=10)	Students (n=158)	Teachers (n=11)	Temple Dwellers (n=9)	Local Participants (n=90)	Tourists (n=92)	P-value
Knowledges
Knowledge about melioidosis							0.015
Yes	0 (–)	23 (14.56)	2 (18.18)	0 (–)	4 (4.44)	19 (20.65)
No	10 (100)	135 (85.44)	9 (81.82)	9 (100)	86 (95.56)	73 (79.35)
Knowledge of the symptoms of melioidosis							0.229
Yes	0 (–)	22 (13.92)	2 (18.18)	0 (–)	9 (10.00)	18 (19.56)
No	10 (100.00)	136 (86.08)	9 (81.82)	9 (100.00)	81 (90.00)	74 (80.44)
Knowledge that melioidosis caused by bacteria							<0.001
Yes	2 (20.00)	56 (35.44)	2 (18.18)	0 (–)	6 (6.67)	29 (31.52)
No	8 (80.00)	102 (64.56)	9 (81.82)	9 (100.00)	84 (93.33)	63 (68.48)
Knowledge about prevention of melioidosis							0.087
Yes	0 (–)	29 (18.35)	2 (18.18)	0 (–)	9 (10.00)	21 (22.83)
No	10 (100.00)	129 (81.65)	9 (81.82)	9 (100.00)	81(90.00)	71 (77.17)
Attitudes
Concerned about melioidosis							<0.001
Yes	7 (70.00)	100 (63.29)	5 (45.45)	1 (11.11)	23 (25.56)	48 (52.17)
No	3 (30.00)	58 (36.7`)	6 (54.55)	8 (89.89)	67 (74.44)	44 (47.83)
Concerned about using protective measures							<0.001
Yes	8 (80.00)	101 (63.92)	7 (63.64)	0 (–)	36 (40.00)	59 (64.13)
No	2 (20.00)	57 (36.08)	4 (36.36)	9 (100.00)	54 (60.00)	33 (35.87)
Seek a medical consultation when needed							<0.001
Yes	6 (60.00)	119 (75.32)	4 (36.36)	1 (11.11)	33 (36.67)	57 (61.96)
No	4 (40.00)	39 (24.68)	7 (63.64)	8 (89.89)	57 (63.33)	35 (38.04)
You believe everyone have risk of infection							<0.001
Yes	8 (80.00)	123 (77.85)	9 (81.82)	3 (33.33)	52 (57.78)	76 (82.61)
No	2 (20.00)	35 (22.15)	2 (18.18)	6 (66.67)	38 (42.22)	16 (17.39)
Practices
Clean the body after visiting forest park							<0.001
Yes	7 (70.00)	46 (29.11)	3 (27.27)	6 (66.67)	54 (60.00)	49 (53.26)
No	3 (30.00)	112 (70.89)	8 (72.73)	3 (33.33)	36 (40.00)	43 (46.74)
You put any soil or herbs on the wound							0.064
Yes	6 (60.00)	29 (18.35)	3 (27.27)	3 (33.33)	21 (23.33)	21 (22.83)
No	4 (40.00)	129 (81.65)	8 (72.73)	6 (66.67)	69 (76.67)	71 (77.17)
Walking barefoot in stable and agricultural area							<0.001
Yes	7 (70.00)	35 (22.15)	3 (27.27)	9 (100.00)	35 (38.89)	33 (35.87)
No	3 (30.00)	123 (77.85)	8 (72.73)	0 (–)	55 (61.11)	59 (64.13)
Have you ever been swimming in natural water resources							0.002
Yes	10 (100.00)	108 (68.35)	8 (72.73)	8 (88.89)	47 (52.22)	69 (75.00)
No	0 (–)	50 (31.65)	3 (27.27)	1 (11.11)	43 (47.78)	23 (25.00)
Have you ever touched a monkey or its feces							<0.001
Yes	8 (80.00)	113 (71.52)	9 81.82)	7 (77.78)	36 (40.00)	53 (57.61)
No	2 (20.00)	45 (28.48)	2 (18.18)	2 (22.22)	54 (60.00)	39 (42.39)

Note: Values are presented as number (%).

Table 4 Respondents’ knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections

Variables	Forest Park Staff (n=10)	Students (n=157)	Teachers (n=18)		Temple Dwellers (n=10)		Local Participants (n=47)		Tourists (n=120)	P value
Knowledges
Knowledge about GI parasitic infections										0.220
Yes	5 (50.00)	99 (63.06)	13 (72.22)		7 (70.00)		35 (74.47)		90 (75.00)
No	5 (50.00)	58 (36.94)	5 (27.78)		3 (30.00)		12 (25.53)		30 (25.00)
Knowledge that only children and the elderly can infected GI parasites										0.201
Yes	2 (20.00)	41 (26.11)	7 (38.89)		4 (40.00)		19 (40.43)		28 (23.33)
No	8 (80.00)	116 (73.89)	11 (61.11)		6 (60.00)		28 (59.57)		92 (76.67)
Knowledge that whipworm and threadworm are GI parasites										<0.001
Yes	4 (40.00)	81 (51.59)	13 (72.22)		1 (10.00)		36 (76.60)		82 (68.33)
No	6 (60.00)	76 (48.41)	5 (27.78)		9 (90.00)		11 (23.40)		38 (31.67)
Knowledge that eating or drinking contaminated with animal feces can infected parasites										<0.001
Yes	7 (70.00)	115 (73.25)	13 (72.22)		3 (30.00)		41 (87.23)		107 (89.17)
No	3 (30.00)	42 (26.75)	5 (27.78)		7 (70.00)		6 (12.77)		13 (10.83)
Knowledge that lime can be used instead of heat in cooking										0.193
Yes	4 (40.00)	62 (39.49)	6 (33.33)		2 (20.00)		13 (27.66)		31 (25.83)
No	6 (60.00)	95 (60.51)	12 (66.67)		8 (80.00)		34 (72.34)		89 (74.17)
Attitudes
Be aware of the dangers of parasites in the digestive system										0.035
Yes	6 (60.00)	136 (86.62)	16 (88.89)		7 (70.00)		42 (89.36)		110 (91.67)
No	4 (40.00)	21 (13.38)	2 (11.11)		3 (30.00)		5 (10.64)		10 (8.33)
You believe that anthelmintic drug taken after eating raw meat or fish can prevent parasitic infections										<0.001
Yes	8 (80.00)	84 (53.50)	12 (66.67)		3 (30.00)		24 (51.06)		30 (25.00)
No	2 (20.00)	73 (46.50)	6 (33.33)		7 (70.00)		23 (48.94)		90 (75.00)
Be aware of suspected symptom will see a doctor										<0.001
Yes	10 (100.00)	123 (78.34)	17 (94.44)		4 (40.00)		36 (76.60)		108 (90.00)
No	0 (–)	34 (21.66)	1 (5.56)		6 (60.00)		11 (23.40)		12 (10.00)
You believe dried manure can be used in vegetable fields because it is free from parasites										0.250
Yes	6 (60.00)	83 (52.87)	12 (66.67)		3 (30.00)		23 (48.94)		52 (43.33)
No	4 (40.00)	74 (47.13)	6 (33.33)		7 (70.00)		24 (51.06)		68 (56.67)
Practices
You have personal hygiene										<0.001
Yes	10 (100.00)	129 (82.17)	18 (100.00)		4 (40.00)		47 (100.00)		109 (90.83)
No	0 (–)	28 (17.83)	0 (–)		6 (60.00)		0 (–)		11 (9.17)
Eating uncooked vegetables										<0.001
Yes	10 (100.00)	89 (56.69)	15 (83.33)		1 (10.00)		40 (85.11)		112 (93.33)
No	0 (–)	68 (43.31)	3 (16.67)		9 (90.00)		7 (14.89)		8 (6.67)
Eating uncooked fish										0.003
Yes	9 (90.00)	58 (36.94)	10 (55.56)		3 (30.00)		18 (38.30)		64 (53.33)
No	1 (10.00)	99 (63.06)	8 (44.44)		7 (70.00)		29 (61.70)		56 (46.67)
Clean the body after touch animal body/stool										0.232
Yes	9 (90.00)	126 (80.25)	16 (88.89)		7 (70.00)		43 (91.49)		105 (87.50)
No	1 (10.00)	31 (19.75)	2 (11.11)		3 (30.00)		4 (8.51)		15 (12.50)
Wearing shoes when leaving the house										0.001
Yes	10 (100.00)	125 (79.62)	17 (94.44)		5 (50.00)		44 (93.62)		106 (88.33)
No	0 (–)	32 (20.38)	1 (5.56)		5 (50.00)		3 (6.38)		4 (11.67)
Housing near the community littering area										0.031
Yes	0 (–)	21 (13.38)	6 (33.33)		3 (30.00)		3 (6.38)		15 (12.50)
No	10 (100.00)	136 (86.62)	12 (66.67)		7 (70.00)		44 (93.62)		105 (87.50)

Note: Values are presented as number (%).