Role of Bacteria in the Incidence of Common GIT Cancers: The Dialectical Role of Integrated Bacterial DNA in Human Carcinogenesis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Reported human cancers by oncogenic bacteria. Created in ©BioRender.com.

Figure 2 Host and bacterial factors contributing to cancer incidence. Created in ©BioRender.com.

Figure 3 Mechanism of GBC by S. Typhi.Created in ©BioRender.com.

Figure 4 The six mechanisms involved in colon carcinogenesis by Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT). Colon carcinogenesis due to BFT is mediated by the induction of T-cell factor- dependent β-catenin pathway (TSF- β-catenin), cleavage of E-Cadherin, stimulation of IL-8 productionleading to the persistent proliferation of gut epithelial cells. BFT induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, and gut epithelial cell proliferation via the induction of spermine oxidase (SMO) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (c-IAP2). Created in ©BioRender.com.

Figure 5 Genome instability due to H. pylori infection. Created in ©BioRender.com.

Figure 6 Role of CagA protein in induction of GC by dysregulation of cell signaling pathways. Created in ©BioRender.com.

Abbreviations: ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; SHP2, src homology phosphatase 2; Grb2, Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; RAS, rat sarcoma; Par1b, polarity-regulating kinase partitioning-defective 1b; Wnt/β-catenin, wingless integration-1/β-catenin; Crk/Crk-L, CT10 (chicken tumor virus No. 10) regulator of kinase/Crk-linker.

Figure 7 Ambiguous relationship between cancer and bacterial infection. Created in ©BioRender.com.