Khat Chewing and Clinical Conditions Determine the Epidemiology of Primary Drug Resistance Tuberculosis in Amhara Region of Ethiopia: A Multicenter Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics of RR/DR- TB Patients in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: 2010–2017 (N=580)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent	Type of DR-TB
				Primary (91)	Secondary (489)
Sex	Male	330	56.90	49	281
	Female	250	43.10	42	208
Residence	Urban	303	52.34	55	248
	Rural	276	47.59	36	240
	Not recorded	1	0.17	0	1
Educational status	No formal education	254	43.79	42	212
	Primary	156	26.90	18	138
	Secondary	92	15.86	17	75
	Certificate and above	73	12.59	14	59
	Not Recorded	5	0.86	0	5
Occupation	Private business	345	59.48	52	293
	Employed	62	10.69	11	51
	Unemployed	168	28.97	28	140
	Not recorded	5	0.86	0	5
Marital status	Married	277	47.76	36	241
	Never Married	206	35.52	41	165
	Divorced/widowed	94	16.21	14	80
	Not recorded	3	0.51	0	3
Housing condition	Homeless	29	5.00	7	22
	Has home	474	81.72	42	264
	Not Recorded	77	13.28	17	60
Have treatment supporter	Yes	502	86.55	84	418
	No	72	12.41	7	65
	Not recorded	6	1.03	0	6
History of cigarette smoking	Yes	77	13.28	11	66
	No	503	86.72	80	423
History of alcohol drinking	Yes	86	14.83	8	78
	No	492	84.83	83	409
	Not recorded	2	0.34	0	2
Khat Chewing	Yes	40	6.90	11	29
	No	538	92.76	80	458
	Not recorded	2	0.34	0	2

Figure 1 Number of patients from each treatment-initiating center stratified by their primary and secondary RR/MDR-TB status, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: 2010–2017 (N=580).

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of RR/DR- TB Patients in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: 2010–2017 (N=580)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percept	Type of DR-TB
				Primary (91)	Secondary (489)
Functional status	Working	201	34.66	44	157
	Ambulatory	282	48.62	33	249
	Bedridden	92	15.86	12	80
	Not recorded	5	0.86	2	3
Anatomical site of tuberculosis	Only Pulmonary	509	87.76	75	434
	Only EP	47	8.10	8	39
	Disseminated	24	4.14	8	16
Baseline sputum smear result	Positive	445	76.72	56	389
	Negative	94	16.21	23	71
	Not recorded	41	7.07	12	29
Baseline Comorbid disease	Yes	84	14.48	8	76
	No	496	85.52	83	413
HIV co-infection	Yes	159	27.41	35	124
	No	420	72.41	56	364
	Not recorded	1	0.17	0	1
Development of adverse drug event	Yes	370	63.79	51	319
	No	210	36.21	40	170
Final treatment outcome	Cure	310	53.43	33	277
	Completed	51	8.79	12	39
	Failure	14	2.41	2	12
	LTFU	42	7.24	6	36
	Transfer out	15	2.59	3	12
	Death	72	12.41	11	61
	On treatment	76	13.10	24	52

Figure 2 Number of RR/DR- TB patients cross-tabulated with the diagnosis year in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: 2010–2017 (N=580).

Figure 3 Number of previous treatment and registration group of RR/MDR- TB patients in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: 2010–2017 (N=580).

Table 3 Bivariable and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Primary RR/MDR-TB Patients in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia (N= 580)

Variables	Categories	Type of DR-TB		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Primary (91)	Secondary (489)
Age (mean + SD)		29.49+12.06	31.71+13.37	0.98 (0.97, 1.00)	1.00 (0.98, 1.03)
Sex	Male	49	281	0.86 (0.55, 1.35)
	Female	42	208	1
Residence	Urban	55	248	1.48 (0.94, 2.33)	1.65 (0.97, 2.81)
	Rural	36	240	1	1
Marital status	Married	36	241	1	1
	Never Married	41	165	1.66 (1.02, 2.71)	1.61 (0.83, 3.14)
	Divorced/Widowed	14	80	1.17 (0.60, 2.28)	1.24 (0.57, 2.71)
Have a treatment supporter	Yes	84	418	1	1
	No	7	65	0.54 (0.24, 1.21)	0.57 (0.22, 1.44)
History of cigarette smoking	Yes	11	66	0.88 (0.45, 1.74)
	No	80	423	1
History of alcohol drinking	Yes	8	78	0.51 (0.24, 1.09)	0.31 (0.12, 0.82)*
	No	83	409	1	1
History of Khat Chewing	Yes	11	29	2.17 (1.04, 4.52)	4.43 (1.67, 11.76)*
	No	80	458	1	1
Functional status	Working	44	157	1	1
	Ambulatory	33	249	0.47 (0.29, 0.78)	0.43 (0.24, 0.76)*
	Bedridden	12	80	0.53 (0.27, 1.07)	0.41 (0.19, 0.91)*
Anatomical site of tuberculosis	Pulmonary	75	434	1	1
	EP	8	39	1.19 (0.53, 2.64)	1.36 (0.38, 5.52)
	Disseminated	8	16	2.89 (1.20, 7.00)	2.31 (0.78, 6.81)
Baseline sputum smear result	Positive	56	389	0.44 (0.26, 0.77)	0.48 (0.26, 0.90)*
	Negative	23	71	1	1
Baseline Comorbid disease	Yes	8	76	0.52 (0.24, 1.23)	0.64 (0.28, 1.50)
	No	83	413	1	1
HIV co-infection	Yes	35	124	1.84 (1.15, 2.93)	2.31 (1.31, 4.06)*
	No	56	364	1	1

Note: *Significantly associated factors: Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test: P= 0.549.

Abbreviations: COR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; DR-TB, Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; EP, Extra Pulmonary.