Intensive Poultry Farming Practices Influence Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhabiting Nearby Soils

Figures & data

Table 1 Resistance Pattern of P. aeruginosa Isolates Isolated from Around the Farm and Outside the Farm

Antibiotics	P. aeruginosa from Around the Farm (n=140)	P. aeruginosa from Outside the Farm (n=160)
CST	44 (31.4%)	36 (22.5%)
OFX	47 (33.5%)	27 (16.8%)
PMB	65 (46.4%)	38 (23.7%)
TIC	31 (22.1%)	14 (8.7%)
TZP	35 (25%)	20 (12.5%)
AMK	16 (11.4%)	7 (4.3%)
LVX	51 (36.4%)	32 (20%)
CIP	26 (18.5%)	9 (5.6%)
FEP	28 (20%)	15 (9.4%)
MEM	15 (10.7%)	8 (5%)
GEN	23 (16.4%)	11 (6.8%)
ATM	88 (62.8%)	45 (28.1%)
TOB	4 (2.8%)	1 (0.6%)
IPM	49 (35%)	33 (20.6%)

Abbreviations: CST, colistin; OFX, ofloxacin; PMB, polymyxin; TIC, ticarcillin-clavulanate; TZP, piperacillin-tazobactam; AMK, amikacin; LVX, levofloxacin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; FEP, cefepime; MEM, meropenem; GEN, gentamicin; ATM, aztreonam; TOB, tobramycin; IPM, imipenem.

Table 2 Comparison of Sensitivity and Resistance Profile, Chi-Square, and P-value of P. aeruginosa

Number of Sensitive and Resistant Isolates				For Chi-Square Value, No. of P. aeruginosa Isolates Have Been Normalized to 160
Antibiotics	Pattern	P. aeruginosa Within 25 Meters	P. aeruginosa from Outside the Farm	P. aeruginosa Within 25 Meters	P. aeruginosa from Outside the Farm	Chi-Square	P-value
TZP	S	105	140	120	140	22.9	<0.001
	R	35	20	40	20
CST	S	96	124	110	124	7	0.005
	R	44	36	50	36
MEM	S	125	152	143	152	10.7	0.001
	R	15	8	17	8
TIC	S	109	146	125	146	34.5	<0.001
	R	31	14	35	14
FEP	S	112	145	128	145	21.3	<0.001
	R	28	15	32	15
PMB	S	75	122	86	122	44.7	<0.001
	R	65	38	74	38
GEN	S	117	149	134	149	22	<0.001
	R	23	11	26	11
CIP	S	114	151	130	151	51.9	<0.001
	R	26	9	30	9

Table 3 Odds Ratio and P-value of ESBL Production and MDR Isolates of P. aeruginosa

Variables	ESBL Production		Odds Ratio	Multidrug Resistance		Odds Ratio
	Yes	No		Yes	No
P. aeruginosa within 25 meters	24	116	4.5 (1.8–10.8) P≤0.0007	112	28	13.7 (7.9–24.0) P≤0.0001
P. aeruginosa from outside the farm	7	153		36	124

Abbreviations: ESBL, extended spectrum β-lactamases; MDR, multidrug resistance.