Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization Among Health Care Workers of a Tertiary Hospital in Ecuador and Associated Risk Factors

Figures & data

Table 1 S. aureus Colonization and MRSA Prevalence Among Health Care Workers, Detected with the LightCycler^® MRSA Advanced Test

Demographic Characteristics		n (N=481)	S. aureus Colonization		MRSA
			Carriage Frequency (n)	% Prevalence (95% CI)	Carriage Frequency (n)	% Prevalence (95% CI)
			114	24	25	5
Age (years)	20–35	262	67	26 (0.20–0.32)	5	17 (0.62–4.40)
	36–51	159	32	20 (0.14–0.28)	11	65 (3.50–12.04)
	52–67	57	12	21 (0.11–0.37)	8	14 (6.26–25.80)
	Age not available	3	3	ND	1	ND
Gender	Male	128	48	38 (0.28–0.50)	10	78 (3.81–13.90)
	Female	345	66	19 (0.15–0.24)	15	43 (2.45–7.07)
	Gender not available	8	0	ND	0	ND
Work Activity	Doctor; (48 surgeons and 140 clinicians)	188	52	28 (0.21–0.36)	9	48 (2.21–8.89)
	Nurse	223	43	19 (0.14–0.26)	14	63 (3.47–10.31)
	Lab Technicians	16	5	31 (0.10–0.73)	1	63 (0.16–30.23)
	Cleaning workers	54	14	26 (0.14–0.43)	1	19 (0.47–9.89)
Health Care Attention	Inpatient “Surgical”: surgeons (48) + nurses (235) + cleaning workers (5)	288	63	22 (0.17–0.28)	16	56 (3.21–8.87)
	Inpatient “Clinical”: clinicians (140) + cleaning workers (6)	146	39	27 (0.19–0.37)	8	55 (2.40–10.51)
	Laboratory	16	5	31 (0.10–0.73)	1	63 (0.16–30.23)
	Others	31	7	23 (0.09–0.47)	0	0
Infection control measures	Previous antibiotic use	143	18	3.7 (0.10–0.15)	5	3.5 (3.47–6.51)
	Use of nasal ointment	110	12	10.1 (0.10–0.15)	3	2.7 (2.67–5.72)
	Use of personal protective equipment (masks and gloves)	429	105	24.5 (0.24–0.28)	23	5.4 (5.38–7.53)
	Hygiene training	399	101	25.3 (0.25–0.29)	22	5.5 (5.48–7.73)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MRSA, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 2 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Among HCWs

Variable	Detail of Variable	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
		p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)
Age	19.7–59.0 (years)	0.917	0.96 (0.49–1.87)	<.001	1.09(1.04–1.14)
Gender	Female (intercept)
	Male	<.001	2.38 (1.52–3.72)	0.04	2.78 (1.04–7.39)
Work Activity	Doctor (intercept)
	Nurse	0.759	1.18 (0.39–3.58)	0.722	0.65 (0.06–6.58)
	Laboratory Technician	0.046	0.62 (0.39–0.99)	0.987	–
	Cleaning workers	0.801	0.91 (0.46–1.82)	0.906	1.06 (0.39–2.86)
Healthcare attention	Inpatient “surgical” (intercept)
	Inpatient “clinical”	0.038	0.61 (0.39–0.97)	0.651	1.23 (0.49–3.04)
	Laboratory	0.881	1.08 (0.35–3.32)	0.809	1.30 (0.15–11.33)
	Others	0.442	0.69 (0.28–1.74)	0.909	–
Infection control measures	Previous antibiotic use (yes)	<.001	0.36 (0.21–0.63)	0.248	0.52 (0.17–1.55)
	Use of nasal ointment (yes)	0.827	0.92 (0.46–1.83)	0.955	0.96 (0.24–3.7)
	Hygiene training (yes)	0.205	0.61 (0.29–1.30)	0.257	0.42 (0.09–1.85)
	Use of personal protective equipment (masks and gloves) (yes)	0.348	1.54 (0.62–3.82)	0.509	1.74 (0.33–9.08)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MRSA, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; OR, Odds Ratio.