Magnitude of Surgical Site Infections, Bacterial Etiologies, Associated Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates Among Post-Operative Patients in Harari Region Public Hospitals, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants Attending Jugal and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospitals, Harar, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 306)

Characteristics		Frequency	Percent
Age	<15	46	15.0
	16–30	61	19.9
	31–45	69	22.5
	46–60	77	25.3
	>60	53	17.3
Sex	Male	125	40.8
	Female	181	59.2
Residence	Urban	159	51.9
	Rural	147	48.1
Educational status	Unable to read and write	105	34.3
	Read& and write	42	13.7
	Grade 1–4	29	9.5
	Grade 5–8	33	10.8
	Secondary and above	97	31.7
Marital status	Single	72	23.5
	Married	205	67
	Others	29	9.5
Occupational status	Government	76	24.8
	Farmer	50	16.4
	Labor worker/Merchant	78	25.5
	Student/Housewife/Retired	102	33.3

Table 2 Clinical and Procedural Characteristics of Study Participants Admitted Jugal and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospitals, Harar, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 306)

Characteristics		Frequency	Percent
Ward	Surgical	193	63.1
	Obs/Gyn	113	36.9
Location of wound	Abdomen	275	89.87
	Thigh	10	3.27
	Extremities	21	6.86
Presence of discharge	Yes	68	22.2
	No	238	77.8
POA	Yes	100	32.68
	No	206	67.32
Type of surgery	Elective	107	35.0
	Emergency	199	65.0
Type of wound	Clean	170	58.8
	Clean contaminated	59	19.3
	Contaminated	27	8.8
	Dirty	40	13.1
Duration of surgery	˂120 minutes	293	95.75
	≥120 minutes	13	4.25
Median stay in hospital	≤2week	276	90.2
	>2week	30	9.8
Diabetics	Yes	29	9.4
	No	277	90.6

Table 3 Frequency of Bacterial Isolates from Post-Operative Wounds of Patients Who Had Developed Postoperative Wound Infections at Jugal and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospitals, Harar, Ethiopia 2020

Organisms		Frequency	Percent
Gram-positive (14/33 (42.4%))	S. aureus	10	30.30
	CoNS	4	12.10
Gram-negative (19/33 (57.6%))	E. coli	9	27.30
	Klebsiella Spp.	6	18.20
	Pseudomonas Spp.	4	12.10
Double-microbial infections 7/26 (26.9%)	S. aureus and Klebsiella species	2	28.57
	E. coli and Pseudomonas Spp.	2	28.57
	S. aureus and E. coli	2	28.57
	E. coli and CoNS	1	14.29

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis for Factors Associated with SSI of Study Participants Admitted at Jugal and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospitals, Harar, Ethiopia 2020

Characteristics		SSI Pos.	SSI Neg.	COR	95% C.I		P-value	AOR	95% CI		P-value
					Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Age	>60	14 (26.4%)	39 (73.6%)	6.4009	2.168	18.942	0.001	4.139	1.278	13.406	0.018
	46–60	5 (6.5%)	72 (93.5%)	5.037	1.762	14.399	0.359	2.038	0.501	8.288	0.320
	31–45	6 (8.7%)	63 (91.3%)	3.573	1.009	12.654	0.348	1.988	0.401	9.862	0.400
	16–30	6 (9.8%)	55 (90.2%)	8.058	1.259	13.232	0.391	1.749	0.507	8.361	0.362
	≤15	5 (10.8%)	41 (89.2%)				1				1
Sex	Male	19 (15.2%)	106 (84.8%)	1.330	0.351	1.723	0.476
	Female	17 (9.4%)	164 (90.6%)				1
Residence	Urban	21 (13.2%)	138 (86.8%)	1.445	0.320	1.507	0.356
	Rural	15 (10.2%)	132 (89.8%)				1
Educational status	Unable to read and write	10 (9.5%)	95 (90.5%)	1.188	0.448	3.147	0.449	1.867	0.545	6.397	0.320
	Read & write	6 (14.3%)	36 (85.7%)	1.469	0.475	4.544	0.466	1.848	0.329	8.498	0.486
	Grade 1–4	5 (17.2%)	24 (82.8%)	0.407	0.118	1.405	0.155	0.587	0.712	4.200	0.729
	Grade 5–8	6 (18.2%)	27 (81.8%)	0.553	0.120	2.541	0.067	0.332	0.102	1.082	0.229
	≥grade 9	9 (9.3%)	88 (90.7%)				1				1
Marital status	Single	12 (16.7%)	60 (83.3%)	2.239	0.304	16.466	0.447
	Married	19 (9.3%)	186 (90.7%)	0.680	0.210	2.207	0.521
	Others	5 (17.2%)	24 (82.8%)				1
Occupational status	Government	6 (7.9%)	70 (92.1%)	1.815	0.139	5.150	0.263
	Farmer	6 (12%)	44 (88%)	1.822	0.552	6.019	0.325
	Labor worker	9 (11.5%)	69 (88.5%)	1.889	0.709	5.030	0.253
	Unemployed	15 (14.7%)	87 (85.3%)				1
Smoking status	Yes	9 (17.6%)	42 (82.4%)	0.749	0.272	2.068	0.310
	No	27 (10.6%)	228 (89.4%)				1
Alcohol status	Yes	11 (22.9%)	37 (77.1%)	0.138	0.124	0.916	0.021	2.580	1.092	6.101	0.031
	No	25 (9.9%)	233 (90.1%)				1				1
Chewing chat	Yes	20 (13.8%)	125 (86.2%)	0.737	0.330	1.647	0.360
	No	16 (9.9%)	145 (90.1%)				1
Ward	Surgical	28 (14.5%)	165 (85.5%)	0.514	0.208	1.270	0.261
	Obs/Gyn	8 (7.1%)	105 (92.9%)			1.541	1
Location of wound	Abdomen	26 (9.5%)	249 (90.5%)	0.313	0.063	8.834	0.153	0.296	0.074	1.185	0.174
	Thigh	5 (50%)	5 (50%)	2.993	1.014	8.834	0.047	4.284	0.525	34.959	0.085
	Extremities	5 (23.8%)	16 (76.2%)				1				1
Presence of discharge	Yes	29 (42.6%)	39 (57.4%)	27.290	10.477	441.021	0.001	24.514	10.053	38.867	0.002
	No	7 (2.9%)	231 (97.1%)				1				1
POA	Yes	20 (20%)	80 (80%)	3.036	1.129	22.459	0.230	2.672	0.946	7.546	0.064
	No	16 (7.8%)	190 (92.2%)				1				1
Type of surgery	Emergency	10 (18.7%)	183 (81.3%)	1.243	0.302	5.111	0.760
	Elective	20 (6.5%)	87 (93.5%)
Duration of surgery	1–120 minutes	30 (10.2%)	263 (89.8%)	1.000	0.016	1.626	0.010	0.159	0.040	0.630	0.009
	121–180 minutes	6 (46.1%)	7 (53.9%)				1				1
Type of wound	Dirty	14 (35%)	26 (65%)	9.154	3.683	20.732	0.001	9.026	3.511	23.205	0.007
	Contaminated	7 (24.1%)	22 (75.9%)	4.000	1.439	11.117	0.010	3.668	1.140	11.720	0.029
	Clean contaminated	5 (8.77%)	52 (91.23%)	2.369	0.737	7.421	0.150	2.297	0.822	6.416	0.113
	Clean	10 (5.6%)	170 (94.4%)				1				1
Length of hosp. stay	≤2 weeks	9 (30%)	21 (70%)	5.122	1.415	18.545	0.130	2.510	0.902	6.984	0.078
	>2 weeks	27 (9.8%)	249 (90.2%)				1				1
Diabetics	Yes	12 (41.4%)	17 (58.6%)	3.205	0.779	13.176	0.006	7.457	2.893	19.221	0.010
	No	24 (8.7%)	253 (91.3%)				1				1

Note: Others = Divorced, widowed, and separated.