Predictors of Mortality Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital Treatment Center, Harar, Ethiopia

Variables	Frequency (%)
Sex
Male	342 (64.41)
Female	189 (35.59)
Age group
1–25	83 (19.67)
26 −50	218 (51.66)
51–65	64 (15.17)
>65	57 (13.51)
Ethnicity
Harari	294 (55.37)
Oromo	224 (42.8)
Other	13 (2.44)
Marital status
Single	79 (14.88)
Married	393 (74.01)
Divorced	4 (0.75)
Widowed	11 (2.07)
Separated	44 (8.29)
Occupational status
Employed	82 (17.40)
Unemployed	154 (32.70)

Note: Other: Somali, Amhara.

Table 2 The Median with Interquartile Range of Clinical Biomarker Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital Treatment Center, Harar, Ethiopia

Variables	Median	IQR
Partial oxygen saturation	89	[76, 95]
Alanine transferase	39	[76, 95]
Aspartate	45	[32, 65]
Lactate dehydrogenase	45	[36, 150]
Bilirubin	0.6	[0.60, 0.90]
Creatinine	0.9	[0.70, 1.30]
Bun level	45	[28, 62]
Neutrophil	78.70	[62.70, 88.82]
Lymphocyte	15.30	[8.10, 27.00]
Leucocyte	8.46	[5.67, 13.07]
Hemoglobin	12.9	[10.9, 14.76]
Platelets level	276.5	[201.5, 352, 25]

Table 3 Frequencies and Percentages of Clinical and Baseline Behavioral Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital Treatment Center, Harar, Ethiopia

Variables	Frequency (%)
Baseline smoking
Yes	191 (35.97)
No	340 (64.03)
COVID-19 clinical stage
Mild	154 (29.06)
Moderate	191 (35.96)
Severe	85 (16.00)
Critical	101 (19.02)
Medication history
Yes	217 (40.87)
No	314 (59.13)
Cough
Yes	417 (21.47)
No	114 (78.53)
Fatigue
Yes	160 (30.13)
No	371 (89.87)
Fever
Yes	173 (32.58)
No	358 (67.42)
Diarrhea
Yes	33 (6.21)
No	498 (93.79)
Asymptomatic
Yes	70 (13.18)
No	461 (86.82)
X-ray finding
Bilateral consolidation	110 (20.72)
Bronchopneumonia	22 (4014)
Opacity	22 (4014)
Effusion	8 (1.51)
Normal	354 (66.67)
Other	6 (1.13)
Comorbidity
Yes	280 (41.27)
No	251 (52.73)
Dexamethasone
Yes	96 (18.08)
No	435 (81.92)
Mechanical ventilation
Yes	339 (63.84)
No	192 (36.14)
Immediate cause of death
Multi-organ failure	52.47
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	47.53
Shortness of breath
Yes	186 (35.03)
No	345 (64.97)

Table 4 Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) of Predictors Associated with Covid-19 for Patients at Treatment Center in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital Treatment Center, Harar, Ethiopia

Variables	Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
Occupational status	1.23
Alcohol utilization	1.45
Medication history	2.10
Cough	1.55
Fever	1.06
Comorbidity	1.15
Age category	2.03
Respiratory rate	1.82
Heart rate	1.04
Partial Oxygen saturation	1.26
Creatinine	2.01
Lymphocyte	1.76
Dexamethasone	1.45

Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic curve for death among Covid-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Harar, Ethiopia.

Table 5 Predictors Associated with Covid-19 for Patients at Treatment Center in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital Treatment Center, Harar, Ethiopia

Variables	Covid-19 Outcome		COR With 95% CI	AOR With 95% CI	P-value
	Death	Discharged
Occupational status
Employed	75	206	1	1
Unemployed	26	224	0.31[0.19, 0.51]	1.22 [0.48,3.04]	0.21
Smoking Status
Yes	63	127	4.12[2.62, 6.50]	2.55 [1.15, 5.65]*	0.02
No	37	303	1	1
Alcohol utilization
Yes	42	74	3.42[2.14, 5.46]	2.30 [1.06,4.97]*	0.03
No	59	356	1	1
Medication history
Yes	77	140	6.64[4.02, 10.96]	1.25[0.52, 3.01]	0.26
No	24	290	1	1
Cough
Yes	88	329	2.07[1.11, 3.87]	1.08[0.36, 3.22]	0.34
No	33	101	1	1
Fever
Yes	45	117	3.33[2.13, 5.20]	1.40[0.66, 2.95]	0.22
No	56	313	1	1
Comorbidity
Yes	94	186	17[7.98, 38.86]	2.96[1.26, 6.92]*	0.01
No	26	206	1	1
Dexamethasone
Yes	34	62	3.02[1.80, 4.92]	1.63 [0.74, 3.57]	0.44
No	67	368	1	1
Age category (in years)
1–25	96	9	1	1
25–55	229	44	1.56[0.70, 3.55]	0.44[0.16, 2.58]	0.36
56–65	56	24	3.98[1.85, 859]	0.57[0.18, 3.34]	0.53
>65	49	24	5.22[2.25, 12.09]	0.93[0.14, 5.96]	0.37
Respiratory rate	–	–	1.06[1.04, 1.08]	1.03[0.99, 1.07]	0.13
Heart rate	–	–	1.03[1.02,1.04]	1.02[0.98, 1.03]	0.47
Partial Oxygen saturation	–	–	0.90[0.88, 0.92]	0.93[0.88, 0.96]*	0.00
Creatinine	–	–	1.56[1.22, 2.00]	1.09[0.88, 1.34]	0.41
Lymphocyte	–	–	0.90[0.88, 0.94]	0.92[0.88, 0.97]*	0.00

Note: *Statistically significant variables (p< 0.05).