The Potential Predictive Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 for COVID-19 Patients Survival

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population

Characteristics	Group of COVID-19 Patient		p-value
	Survivors (n=47; %)	Non-Survivors (n=37; %)
Age (x±SD)^#	56.1 ± 11.5	58.8 ± 13.4	0.325
Sex (n (%))^
Male	40.4	37.8	0.809
Female	59.6	62.2
Comorbid (n (%))^	83.0	86.5	0.659
Hypertension^	29.8	27.0
STEMI^	4.3	0.0
Chronic Kidney Disease	4.3	29.7
Diabetes Mellitus	58.5	41.5
Cerebrovascular Accident	66.7	33.3
Overweight	53.8	46.2
Malignancy	8.5	2.7
HIV/AIDS	2.1	2.7
Cirrhosis of the Liver	0.0	2.7
Severity^			0.004*
Mild	12.8	2.7%
Moderate	38.8	16.2%
Severe	29.8	27.0%
Critically ill	9.1	54.1%

Notes: ^#Independent t-test; ^{^}Chi-square test; *Considered significance at p-value<0.05.

Table 2 Levels of TNF- and IL-1β in the Survivors and Non-Survivors of COVID-19

Cytokine	Group of COVID-19 Patient		p-value**
	Survivors (n=47)	Non-Survivors (n=37)
TNF-α (ng/L)	28.03 (15.30–50.76)*	53.97 (18.16–98.49)*	0.007
IL-1β (pg/L)	665.36 (440.49–813.53)*	939.0 (468.76–2185.82)*	0.035
MCP-1 (ng/L)	41.27 (31.12–68.46)*	86.13 (68.50–94.82)*	0.004

Notes: *Median (min-max) **Based on Mann–Whitney U-Test with α 5%.

Table 3 Results of Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Between TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 Level with Survival Status Among COVID-19 Patients

Variables	B	P Wald	Relative Risk (RR)	95% Confidence Interval
TNF-α	2.39	0.018	2.15	1.98–2.98
IL-1β	12.83	0.042	1.12	1.03–2.04
MCP-1	9.68	0.006	2.76	2.53–4.68
Constant	−2.51	0.003

Notes: −2 Log Likelihood = 64.718; Goodness of Fit = 28.83; p-value = 0.024.

Figure 1 ROC curve of TNF-α levels on death of COVID-19 patients.

Figure 2 ROC curve of IL-1β levels on death of COVID-19 patients.

Figure 3 ROC curve of MCP-1 levels on death of COVID-19 patients.