Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Suspected Opportunistic Infections in People Living with HIV

Figures & data

Figure 1 Specimen types of 49 cases of suspected opportunistic infections in PLWH.

Table 1 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of 46 PLWH with Suspected Opportunistic Infections

Characteristic	Value
Male, n(%)	42(91.3%)
Age(year), median(IQR)	39(29–50)
Duration of ART
ART native, n(%)	22(47.8%)
≤6 months, n(%)	17(37.0%)
>6 months, n(%)	7(15.2%)
Laboratory findings
White blood cell count(10^9/L), median(IQR)	5.58(3.80–6.93)
Neutrophil ratio(%), median(IQR)	71.80(57.18–79.48)
C reactive protein(mg/dl), median(IQR)	18.12(5.00–54.75)
Procalcitonin(ng/mL), median(IQR)	0.11(0.06–0.24)
HIV RNA<100IU/mL, n(%)	7(15.56%)
CD4^+ T cell count(cells/ul), media(IQR)	112.5(26–222.25)
Patient outcomes
Improved, n(%)	42(91.3%)
Deteriorated, n(%)	4(8.7%)

Abbreviation: ART, antiretroviral treatment.

Table 2 Distribution of Pathogens

Pathogens	CMTs	mNGS	P value	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity(%)
Fungi	11	19	0.021	90.91	74.29
Cyanobacteriummarneffei	5	5	1.000	80	97.56
Pneumocystis jiroveci	2	7	0.125	50	86.36
Cryptococcosis neoformans	6	8	0.500	100	95
Bacteria	2	2	1.000	50	97.73
Staphylococcus aureus	1	1	1.000	100	100
Staphylococcus hominis	1	0	–	0	100
Tropheryma whipplei	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	2	6	0.289	0	86.36
Nontuberculous mycobacteria	1	6	0.031	100	86.67
Mycobacterium haemophilum	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacteriumaviumand M. intracellulare	1	3	0.500	100	95.56
Mycobacterium columbia	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium intracellulare	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium vulneris	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium abscessus	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium kansasii	0	1	–	–	97.83
Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum	0	1	–	–	97.83
Viruses	1	5	0.125	100	91.11
CMV virus	1	3	0.500	100	95.56
JC virus	0	1	–	–	97.83
Herpesvirus-8	0	1	–	–	97.83

Figure 2 The CD4⁺ T cell count of patients with diagnosed pathogens was significantly lower than that of patients not diagnosed with pathogens (68 (16–168.5) vs 165.5 (61–294.25) P=0.043).* Indicates that there is a significant difference between the two groups.

Figure 3 The CD4⁺ T cell count of patients with mixed infections was significantly lower than that of patients with a single infection (140 (42–208) vs 22 (7.5–62.25) P=0.010). *Indicates that there is a significant difference between the two groups.