Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Sterile Body Fluids Among Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Character of the Study Participants of Sterile Body Fluid Infections at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

Variables	Category	Frequency	%
Age	≤20	96	47.1
	21–40	16	7.8
	41–60	35	17.2
	≥61	57	27.9
Sex	Male	130	63.7
	Female	74	36.3
Residence	Urban	69	33.8
	Rural	135	66.2
Marital Status	Under age*	77	37.7
	Single	29	22.8
	Married	81	63.8
	Widowed	5	4.0
	Divorced	12	9.4
Educational status	Pre-school	62	30.4
	Unable to read and write	66	32.4
	Read and write	19	9.3
	Primary	23	11.3
	Secondary/High school	16	7.8
	College and above	18	8.8
Occupation	Government employee	43	21.1
	Labor worker	2	1.0
	Student	37	18.1
	House wife	8	3.9
	Farmer	80	39.2
	Merchant	26	12.7
	Other	8	3.9
Monthly income	≤1500	110	53.9
	1600–3000	83	40.7
	≥3100	11	5.4

Note: *Non-candidates for marital status.

Table 2 Total and Positive Cases of Clinical and Sample-Related Characteristics of Sterile Body Fluid Infection Among Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

Variables	Category	Growth N (%)	No Growth N (%)	Total N (%)
Specimen type	CSF	17 (16)	89 (84)	106 (52.0)
	Synovial	–	3 (100)	3 (1.5)
	Pleural	12 (19.7)	49 (80.3)	61 (29.8)
	Peritoneal	5 (14.7)	29 (85.3)	34 (16.7)
	Total	34 (16.7)	170 (83.3)	204 (100)
Patient setting	Inpatient	21 (22.8)	71 (77.2)	92(45.1)
	Outpatient	13 (11.6)	99 (88.4)	112 (54.9)
	Total	34 (16.7)	170 (83.3)	204 (100)
Ward/outpatient unit	Gynecology-obs	1 (25)	3 (75)	4 (2.0)
	Pediatrics	11 (17.2)	53 (82.8)	64 (31.3)
	Medical	21 (17.4)	100 (82.6)	121 (59.3)
	Surgical	1 (14.3)	6 (85.7)	7 (3.4)
	NICU	–	3 (100)	3 (1.5)
	Isolation center	–	5 (100)	5 (2.5)
	Total	34 (16.7)	170 (83.3)	204 (100)
Specimen appearance	Clear	8 (8)	92 (92)	100 (49.0)
	Turbid	19 (26.8)	52 (73.2)	71 (34.8)
	Bloody	2 (13.3)	13 (86.7)	15 (7.4)
	Other*	5 (27.8)	13 (72.2)	18 (8.8)
Overall total		34 (16.7)	130 (83.3)	204 (100)

Note: *Purulent, yellowish.

Figure 1 Bacterial isolates from patients diagnosed with sterile body fluid infections at HFSUH, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021.

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Bacterial Infections from Sterile Body Fluids at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

				Bivariant Analysis		Multivariable Analysis
Variables	Category	Culture Growth N (%)		COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (CI 95%)	P-value
		Yes	No
Gender	Male	23(17.7)	107(82.3)	1.23(0.56, 2.69)	0.60
	Female^®	11(15)	63(85)
Residence	Rural	24(17.8)	111(82.2)	1.27(0.57, 2.85)	0.55
	Urban^®	10(14.5)	59(85.5)
Age group	≤20	11(11.5%)	85(88.5%0	1.94(0.23, 16.16)	0.54	2.28(0.25, 20.91)	0.46
	41–60	9(25.7%)	26(74.3%)	5.19(0.59, 45.09)	0.135	5.67(0.59, 55.31)	0.13
	≥61	13(22.8%)	44(77.2%)	4.43(0.53, 36.80)	0.168	5.62(0.61, 51.97)	0.13
	21–40^®	1(6.3%)	15(93.7%)
Patient type	Inpatient	21(22.8%)	71(77.2%)	2.25(1.058, 4.796)	0.035	3.59(1.52, 8.51)	0.004*
	Outpatient^®	13(11.6%)	99(88.4%)
Specimen type	Synovial	–	3 (100)	Fisher’s exact test F-test=0.68	P=0.89
	Plueral	12(19.7)	49 (80.3)
	Ascites	5 (14.7)	29 (85.3)
	CSF	17(16)	89(84)
Appearance of specimen	Turbid	19(26.8%)	52(73.2%)	4.20(1.72, 10.27)	0.002	4.35(1.67, 11.29)	0.003*
	Bloody	2(13.3%)	13(86.7%)	1.77(0.34, 9.26)	0.499	1.37(0.25, 7.5)	0.714
	Other	5(27.8%)	13(72.2%)	4.42(1.27, 15.59)	0.021	3.66(0.96, 13.9)	0.058
	Clear ^®	8(8%)	92(92%)

Note: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ^®, reference category.

Table 4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of a Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolate from Sterile Body Fluid Samples at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

Antimicrobial Classes
N = 24		Penicillins		Cephalosporin		Fluoroquinolones	Sulfonamides	Carbapenem	Aminoglycosides
Isolated Organism	Pattern	AMP	AXC	CRO	CTZ	CPR	SXT	MEM	AMK	GN
K. pneumoniae (n = 9)	S	1	4	2	1	8	1	8	4	4
	I	–	4	1	–	–	5	1	3	1
	R	8	1	6	8	1	3	–	2	4
E. coli (n = 7)	S	–	2	–	–	7	1	6	7	1
	I	–	4	–	–	–	2	–	–	–
	R	7	1	7	7	–	4	1		6
P. aeruginosa (n = 2)	S	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	2	–
	I	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	R	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	–	2
P. stutzeri (n = 1)	S	–	–	–	–	1	–	1	1	1
	I	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	R	–	1	1	1	–	1	–	–	–
Aeromonas sp. (n = 1)	S	–	–	–	–	1	1	1	–	–
	I	1	1	1	1	–	–	–	1	–
	R	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
P. vulgaris (n = 1)	S	–	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
	I	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	R	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
A. hydrophilia (n = 2)	S	–	2	–	–	1	–	2		1
	I	–	–	1	2	–	1	–	–	–
	R	2	–	1	–	1	1	–	–	1
B. cepacia (n = 1)	S	–	1	–	1	1	–	1	1	–
	I	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
	R	1	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	1
Total (24, %)	S	1(4.2)	10(41.7)	3(12.5)	3(12.5)	21(87.5	4(16.7)	20(83.3)	18(75)	8(33.3)
	I	2(8.3)	9(37.5)	3(12.5)	3(12.5)	–	9(37.5)	1(4.2)	4(16.7)	1(4.2)
	R	21(87.5)	5(20.8)	18(75)	18(75)	3(12.5)	11(45.8)	3(12.5)	2(8.3)	15(62.5)

Abbreviations: AMP, ampicillin; CRO, ceftriaxone; AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; GN, gentamicin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CTZ, ceftazidime: MEM, meropenem; AMK, amikacin; CPR, ciprofloxacin; S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistant.

Table 5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of a Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolate from Sterile Body Fluid Samples at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021

Antimicrobial Classes
N = 10		Penicillins				Cephalosporin	Macrolides	Fluoroquinolones	Sulfonamides	Glycopeptides	Aminoglycosides	Lincosamides
Isolates (N)	Pattern	P	AMP	AXC	FOX	CRO	ERY	CPR	SXT	VA	GN	CLN
S. aureus (n = 4)	S	–	–	3	–	–	–	2	4	NA	–	3
	I	–	1	1	–	–	1	–	–		2	1
	R	4	3	–	4	4	3	2	–		2	–
Enterococcus spp. (n = 4)	S	–	–	–	NA	–	–	–	–	–	NA	–
	I	–	1	2	NA	–	1	1	–	–	NA	1
	R	4	3	2	NA	4	3	3	4	4	NA	3
S. epidermidis (n = 1)	S	–	1	1	1	1	1	1	–	NA	–	1
	I	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	NA	–	–
	R	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	NA	1	–
S. agalactiae (n = 1)	S	1	1	1	NA	1	1	1	1	–	–	–
	I	–	–	–	NA	–	–	–	–	1	–	1
	R	–	–	–	NA	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Total (n = 10, %)	S	1(10	2(20)	5(50)	1 (10)	2(20	2(20	4(40)	5(50)	–	–	4(40)
	I	1(10	2(20)	2(20)	–	–	2(20	1(10)	1(10)	1(20	2(33)	3(30)
	R	8(80	6(60)	2(20)	4(90)	8(80	6(60	5(50)	4(40)	4(80	4(67)	3(30)

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; AMP, ampicillin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CRO, ceftriaxone; AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid GN, gentamicin; VA, vancomycin; P, penicillin; CPR, ciprofloxacin; FOX, cefoxitin; ERY, erythromycin; CLN, clindamycin; S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistant.