The Association Between the Albumin and Viral Negative Conversion Rate in Patients Infected with Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow chart.

Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Patients with 190 COVID-19 Between the Non-Negative Conversion and Negative Conversion of Group (n = 190)

Characteristic	Non-Negative Conversion (N=88)	Negative Conversion (N=102)	P value
Age, Year	58.22±12.78	61.4±13.71	0.101
Gender (n, %)
Male	39 (44.32%)	58(56.86%)	0.085
Female	49(55.68%)	44(43.14%)
Clinical Symptoms (%)
Fever	68(77.27%)	75(73.52%)	0.551
Routine Blood Examinations
WBC (3.69–9.16), 10^9/L	5.4(4.7,6.7)	5.8(4.8,6.8)	0.568
RBC (3.68–5.13), 10^12/L	3.95±0.45	3.86±0.6	0.237
HGB (113–151), g/L	123(114,132)	120.5(108,132)	0.356
PLT (101–320), 10^9/L	196(169,241.5)	211(182,253)	0.120
NEU (2–7), 10^9/L	3.16(2.66,4.18)	3.4(2.71,4.18)	0.715
LYM (0.8–4.0), 10^9/L	1.55(1.14,1.93)	1.53(1.09,1.89)	0.995
MON (0.12–1.0), 10^9/L	0.39(0.33,0.48)	0.44(0.34,0.53)	0.153
Blood Biochemical Tests
ALT (5–35), U/L	22.1(12.5,36.05)	22.75(15,38.4)	0.425
AST (8–40), U/L	19.15(15.05,26.1)	18.8(15.7,25.4)	0.960
TP (60–83), g/L	66.79±6.28	64.38±5.57	0.006
ALB (40–55), g/L	38.95(37.8,41.1)	38.00(35.3,40.4)	0.010
GLO (20–40), g/L	28(25.1,30.9)	26.1(24,28.8)	0.020
A/G (1.2–2.4)	1.41(1.25,1.56)	1.43(1.28,1.59)	0.806
TBIL (3.4–20.5), umol/L	10.15(7.6,12.25)	8.8(7.1,11.6)	0.180
DBIL (0–6.8), umol/L	3.2(2.4,4.2)	2.9(2.3,3.8)	0.396
BUN (2.5–6.4), mmol/L	4.58(3.92,5.62)	4.67(3.66,5.83)	0.799
CRE (53–97), umol/L	65.6(55.65,73.05)	65.35(56.5,80.4)	0.394
ALP (40–150), U/L	69.1(59.2,85.35)	71.15(59.7,82.3)	0.867
GGT (7–32), U/L	32.25(20.25,54)	28.25(20.2,43.4)	0.355
Chronic Disease (%)
Chronic Hepatitis B	2(2.27%)	6(5.88%)	0.290
Hypertension	28(31.82%)	33(32.35%)	0.937
Diabetes	8(9.09%)	18(17.65%)	0.087
Cerebral Infarction	3(3.41%)	7(6.86)	0.344
Coronary Heart Disease	6(6.82%)	11(10.78%)	0.340
Cerebral Disease	3(3.41%)	6(5.88%)	0.508
Treatment Strategies (%)
Thymus Peptide	28(31.82)	22(21.57%)	0.110
Interferon	20(22.73%)	21(20.59%)	0.721
Convalescent Plasma (CP)	6(6.82%)	7(6.86%)	0.990
Hormones	8(9.09%)	9(8.82%)	0.949
Immunoglobulin	31(35.23%)	20(19.61%)	0.015

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet; NEU, neutrophil; LYM, lymphocyte; MON, monocyte; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, transglutaminase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; GLO, globulin; A/G, blood clean/globulin; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRE, creatinine; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase.

Table 2 The Single Factor Analysis Results of Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Model

Characteristic	P value	Linear Correlation	Hazard Ratio (HR) (95% CI)
Quantitative Data
Age	0.230	0.783	NA
WBC	0.653	0.361	NA
RBC	0.046	0.032	NA
HGB	0.246	0.229	NA
PLT	0.316	0.879	NA
NEU	0.375	0.184	NA
LYM	0.046	0.094	NA
MON	0.193	0.098	NA
ALT	0.548	0.296	NA
AST	0.971	0.935	NA
TP	0.021	0.246	NA
ALB	0.009	0.936	NA
GLO	0.085	0.054	NA
A/G	0.603	0.738	NA
TBIL	0.346	0.233	NA
DBIL	0.580	0.527	NA
BUN	0.901	0.837	NA
CRE	0.292	0.398	NA
ALP	0.813	0.919	NA
GGT	0.539	0.428	NA
Categorical Data
Gender	0.112	NA	1.37 (0.93–2.03)
Fever	0.703	NA	0.92 (0.59–1.43)
Chronic Hepatitis B	0.167	NA	1.79 (0.78–4.09)
Hypertension	0.808	NA	0.95 (0.63–1.44)
Diabetes	0.089	NA	0.56 (0.94–2.59)
Cerebral Infarction	0.387	NA	1.40 (0.65–3.02)
Coronary Heart Disease	0.609	NA	0.18 (0.63–2.20)
Cerebral Disease	0.526	NA	1.31 (0.57–2.98)
Convalescent Plasma (CP)	0.686	NA	0.85 (0.40–1.84)
Thymus Peptide	0.093	NA	0.67 (0.42–1.07)
Interferon	0.557	NA	0.87 (0.54–1.40)
Hormones	0.810	NA	0.92 (0.46–1.82)
Immunoglobulin	0.024	NA	0.57 (0.35–0.93)

Abbreviations: NA, not available; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2 Hazard ratio function for albumin to negative conversion rate.

Abbreviations: RCS, restricted cubic splines; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.