Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines Among People Living with HIV in China

Figures & data

Table 1 The Baseline Characteristics of PLWH and HDs

Characteristics	PLWH (n=47)	HDs (n=18)	Statistic	p-value
Age, median (IQR), years	34(26–42)	37 (33–50)	1.621	0.105
Gender
Male, n (%)	45(95.70)	18 (10.00)	0.790	0.374
Female, n (%)	2(4.30)	0(0.00)
Interval time from vaccination to detection, median (IQR)	59 (37–74)	28 (27–28)	−4.991	<0.001

Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of PLWH

Characteristics	Patients (n=47)
Time of HIV diagnosis, mean (range), years	2.5 (0.5–11)
HIV viral load, median (range), copies/mL	20 (20–163,827)
CD4^+ T cell counts, mean (range), cells/uL	474 (145–926)
CD8^+T cell counts, median (IQR), cells/uL	804 (560–1096)
CD4/CD8 ratio, median (IQR)	0.58 (0.43–0.79)
CD4^+ T cell counts before vaccination, mean (range), cells/uL	433 (124–801)
CD8^+ T cell counts before vaccination, median (IQR), cells/uL	909 (701–1408)
CD4/CD8 ratio before vaccination, median (IQR)	0.46 (0.30–0.73)
ART use, n (%)
2NRTIs+1NNRTIs	38 (80.9)
2NRTIs+1INSTIs	2 (4.3)
2NRTIs+1PIS	1 (2.1)
Others	6 (12.80)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Syphilis	6 (12.80)
Diabetes	2 (4.30)
Cardiovascular disease	1 (2.10)
Hypertension	0 (0.00)

Abbreviations: NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; INSTIs, integrase inhibitors; PIs, protease inhibitors.

Table 3 Safety of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccination in PLWH

Characteristics	Patients (n=47)
Injection site adverse reactions within 7 days
Pain, n (%)	3 (6.4)
Swollen, n (%)	2 (4.2)
Local redness, n (%)	2 (4.2)
Systemic adverse reactions within 7days
Fatigue, n (%)	3 (6.4)
Headache, n (%)	3 (6.4)
Muscle soreness, n (%)	3 (6.4)
Fever, n (%)	2 (4.2)
Diarrhea, n (%)	1 (2.1)
Nausea, n (%)	0 (0.0)
Total adverse reaction within 28 days
Any, n (%)	9 (19.1)

Figure 1 Longitudinal changes in antibody response in PLWH since whole-course vaccination. The blue line and strip represent the general trend line and confidence interval, which were calculated using the locally weighted scatterplot smoothing algorithm. Correlation between time since two doses of vaccines and the neutralization antibody titers against the D614G variant (A), Delta variant (B), and IgG (C).

Table 4 Baseline Comparison Between Selected PLWH and HDs

Characteristics	PLWH (n=10)	HDs (n=18)	Statistic	p-value
Age, mean (range)	38 (20–61)	40 (28–57)	−0.59	0.56
Gender
Males, n (%)	10	18	NA	NA
Females, n (%)	0	0
Interval time between vaccination and antibody test, median (IQR),days	28 (24–31)	28 (27–28)	0.388	0.706

Figure 2 The antibody immune responses of inactivated vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Lines through the boxes represent medians, the width of the boxes represent IQR, the whiskers represent the upper quartile and the lower quartile, and dots indicate points beyond 1.5 times the IQR. (A) Comparison of neutralizing antibodies to the D614G and Delta variants between PLWH and HDs. (B) Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies between PLWH and HDs. (C) Comparison of neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers between D614G and Delta variants in PLWH and HDs.

Table 5 The Baseline Characteristics Between Groups with Different CD4+ T Cell Counts

Characteristics	CD4≤350 Cells/μL (n=13)	CD4>350 Cells/μL (n=34)	Statistic	p-value
Age, median (IQR), years	36 (31–48)	32 (25–40)	−1.416	0.157
Gender
Males, n (%)	13 (100%)	32 (94.1%)	0.799	0.371
Females, n (%)	0 (0%)	2 (5.9%)
Interval time between vaccination and antibody test, mean, (range), days	52 (24–98)	60 (23–101)	−1.111	0.272

Figure 3 The difference in antibody responses between patients with difference CD4⁺ T cell counts. PLWH were divided into patients with CD4 ⁺ T cell counts≤350 μL and CD4⁺ T cell counts>350 μL. The difference in NAb titers against the D614G variant (A), the delta variant (B), and the concentration of SARS-Cov-2 IgG (C) between the two groups was shown. The short black lines indicate mean and 95% CI.