Survival Patterns and Predictors of Mortality among COVID-19 Patients Admitted to Treatment Centers in Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021(n=854)

	n	%
Age, years
18–40	318	37.24
41–60	314	36.77
Above 60	222	26.00
Median (IQR)	854	48 (35–62)
Sex
Female	301	35.25
Male	553	64.75
Place of residence
Rural	286	33.49
Urban	568	66.51
Marital status
Married	663	77.63
Single	115	13.47
Other(widowed, divorced)	76	8.90
Education
Cannot read and write	165	19.32
Can read and write	169	19.79
Primary school	140	16.39
Secondary school	150	17.56
Higher education	230	26.93
Income
Low	219	25.64
Middle	440	51.52
High	195	22.83
Household occupants
Living alone	54	6.73
Living with children under 18 years	267	31.52
Living with people at high risk of COVID	523	61.75

Table 2 Substance use among patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021

	n	%
Active smoking
No	808	94.61
Yes	46	5.39
Active alcohol drinking
No	721	84.43
Yes	133	15.57
Active khat chewing
No	766	89.70
Yes	88	10.30

Figure 1 Summary of patients’ condition on admission at treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021.

Figure 2 Summary of clinical characteristics (signs and symptoms) of patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021, (n=854).

Figure 3 Summary of clinical characteristics (comorbidities) of patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021 (n=854).

Table 3 Summary of medical treatments of patients admitted to COVID-19 treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021

	n	%
Required oxygen
No	395	46.25
Yes	459	53.75
Intranasal, mL/L
No	511	59.84
Yes	343	40.16
Face mask, mL/L
No	730	85.48
Yes	124	14.52
Face mask with reservoir
No	796	93.21
Yes	58	6.79
IMV
No	835	97.78
Yes	19	2.22
Glucocorticoid (dexamethasone)
No	643	75.29
Yes	211	24.71
Anticoagulant/heparin
No	362	42.39
Yes	492	57.61
Antibiotic therapy
No	271	31.73
Yes	583	68.27

Figure 4 Summary of complications and clinical outcomes of patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021(n=854).

Table 4 Mortality rate among patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021

	n	Rate per 1,000 person-days of observation
Age, years
18–40	317	2.8
41–60	311	12.7
Above 60	219	16.4
Smoking
No	801	9.4
Yes	46	24.2
Active alcohol drinking
No	715	8.6
Yes	132	18.4
Active khat chewing
No	760	8.7
Yes	87	21.9
ARDS complications
No	783	6.3
Yes	64	59.5
Required anticoagulant
No	359	0.2
Yes	488	18.3
Required glucocorticoid
No	639	4.2
Yes	208	31.3
Required antibiotic therapy
No	269	6.4
Yes	578	11.7
Required oxygen
No	400	0.4
Yes	447	19.3
Unit of admission
ICU	99	53
Ward	748	4.3
Overall mortality rate	847	9.9

Abbreviation: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Figure 5 Survival patterns of patients admitted to treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021.

Table 5 Factors associated with COVID-19–related mortality among of patients at treatment centers in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, 2021

	Treatment outcome		CHR (95% CI)	AHR (95% CI)
	Dead, n (%)	Survived, n (%)
Age, years
18–40	10 (3.1)	308 (96.9)	Ref.	Ref.
41–60	42 (13.4)	272 (86.6)	4.4 (2.2–8.8)***	1.6 (0.8, 3.3)
Above 60	45 (20.3)	177 (79.7)	6.1 (3.1, 12.3)***	1.7 (0.9, 3.4)
Smoking
No	89 (11.0)	719 (89.0)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	8 (17.4)	38 (82.6)	2.5 (1.2, 5.1)*	1.2 (0.6, 2.5)
Active alcohol drinking
No	73 (10.1)	648 (89.9)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	24 (18.1)	109 (81.9)	2.1 (1.3, 3.4)**	2.0 (1.2, 3.3)**
Active khat chewing
No	77 (10.1)	689 (89.9)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	20 (22.7)	68 (77.3)	2.7 (1.5, 4.2)**	1.5 (0.9, 2.6)
ARDS complications
No	57 (7.2)	731 (92.8)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	40 (60.6)	26 (39.4)	10.1 (11.2, 34.6)***	2.9 (1.7, 5.1)***
Anticoagulant
No	3 (0.8)	359 (99.2)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	94 (19.1)	398 (80.9)	78.6 (10.9, 564.4)***	10 (1.2, 91.5)*
Glucocorticoid
No	33 (5.1)	610 (94.9)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	64 (30.33)	147 (69.67)	7.9 (5.2, 12.3)***	1.7 (1.1, 2.8)*
Antibiotic therapy
No	22 (8.1)	249 (91.9)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	75 (12.9)	508 (87.1)	1.9 (1.2, 3.1)*	2.6 (1.6, 4.5)***
Required oxygen
No	2 (0.5)	399 (99.5)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	95 (21.0)	358 (79.0)	45.6 (12.9, 216.3)***	4.7 (1.1, 22.0)*
Unit of admission
ICU	60 (58.8)	42 (41.2)	13.6 (8.9, 20.7)***	3.4 (2.0, 5.9)***
Ward	37 (4.9)	715 (95.1)	Ref.	Ref.

Note: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviation: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.