Missed Tuberculosis Investigations and Associated Factors in Patients with Symptoms Indicative of Tuberculosis at Public Health Institutions in Northwest Ethiopia: The Application of a Negative Binomial Model

Figures & data

Figure 1 Diagram of sampling flow for missed opportunities of PTB cases in East Gojjam Zone, 2020.

Figure 2 Ethiopian national diagnostic algorithms for patients with presumptive TB, 2020.

Figure 3 Graphic abstract of missed opportunity for TB diagnostic Tests in Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 1 Factors Associated with Missing to Get TB Diagnostics in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 (N = 412)

Parameter	Missed Opportunities		CIRR 95% CI for Exp (B)	AIRR 95% CI for Exp (B)	p-value
	Yes (n = 50)	No (n = 362)
Age in years
≤ 35	15	129	0.80 (0.44−1.46)	0.64 (0.34–1.21)	0.160
> 35	35	233	1	1
Sex
Male	26	151	1.42 (0.83–2.51)	1.44 (0.81–2.55)	0.21
Female	24	211	1	1
Residence
Rural	31	216	1.12 (0.62–1.93)	1.04 (0.56–1.88)	0.920
Urban	19	146	1	1
Education level
Cannot read and write	34	126	3.35 (1.85–6.10)	3.10 (1.66–5.78)	0.001
Can read and write	16	236	1	1
Occupation
Employed	17	123	1.14 (0.56−1.81)	1.10 (0.59–2.04)	0.770
Non employed	33	239	1	1
DM status
Positive	22	56	3.36 (1.93–5.90)	2.82 (1.58–5.02)	0.001
Negative	28	306	1	1
BMI
< 18.5	7	133	0.32 (0.14−0.70)	0.42 (0.19–0.85)	0.023
≥ 18.5	43	229	1	1
Facility type patient
Health center	39	188	2.90 (1.62–6.50)	2.10 (1.40–4.21)	0.003
Hospital	11	174	1	1
Unit of TB patient
OPD	32	207	1.38 (0.58–3.31)	1.55 (0.64–3.74)	0.331
MCH	13	106	1.12 (0.42–2.97)	1.21 (0.45–3. 23)	0.715
ART	5	49	1	1

Abbreviations: CIRR, crude incidence rate ratio; AIRR, adjusted incidence rate ratio.

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Symptoms Suggestive of PTB in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variable	Response Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
Age in years	≤ 35	277	67.0
	≥ 35	135	33.0
Sex	Male	177	43.0
	Female	235	57.0
Residence	Rural	247	60.0
	Urban	165	40.0
Education status	Cannot read and write	160	39.0
	Can read and write	252	61.0
Occupation	Employed	140	34.0
	Not employed	272	66.0
Patient unit	OPD	239	58.0
	ART	119	29.0
	MCH	54	13.0
Type of facility	Public health center	228	55.0
	Public hospital	184	45.0
Signs and symptoms	Cough ≥ 2 weeks	211	51.0
	Night sweating	102	25.0
	Weight loss	57	14.0
	Poor appetite	42	10.0
Had previous TB history	Yes	62	15.0
	No	350	85.0
HIV sera status	Positive	62	15.0
	Negative	350	85.0
Diabetes status	Positive	78	19.0
	Negative	334	81.0
Missed opportunity for TB investigation	Yes	50	12.0
	No	362	88.0
TB result among re-screend	Positive	8	1.90
	Negative	404	98.1