Procoagulant Microvesicles in COVID-19 Patients: Possible Modulators of Inflammation and Prothrombotic Tendency

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Demographic Data and Hematological Parameters Between COVID-19 Patient Group and Control Group. The Statistical Analysis Between Groups Was Performed Using Chi-Squared Test for Age and Independent Unpaired t-test for Hematological Parameters. Date is Shown as Mean±SD

Variables	COVID-19 (n = 40)	Control (n = 37)	P
Male/Female (n)	22/18	23/14	> 0.05
Age	60.2±2.5	51.1±3.6	< 0.0001
WBC (10^9/L)	11.8±6.9	6.2±19.6	< 0.0001
RBC (×10^12/L)	3.7±0.9	5.1±0.5	< 0.0001
Hb (g/dl)	10.0±1.9	13.5±1.6	< 0.0001
HCT (%)	31.7±6.3	41.4±4.6	< 0.0001
MCV (fl)	84.9±9.6	81.4±4.6	0.0456
MCH (pg)	26.7±3.4	26.5±3.1	0.7837
MCHC (g/dl)	31.5±2.0	31.4±1.0	0.0144
RDW (%)	17.0±3.1	17.9±3.4	0.2251
Platelet (10^9/L)	184±114	362±71	< 0.0001
ANC (10^9/L)	10.9±1.9	4.7±1.4	<0.0001
ALC (10^9/L)	1.1±1.0	3.2±0.76	< 0.0001
AMC (10^9/L)	0.5±0.4	0.4±0.2	0.0639
AEC (10^9/L)	0.001±0.0	0.15±0.14	< 0.0001
ABC (10^9/L)	0.008±0.018	0.018±0.013	0.0162

Note: P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; Hb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean cell volume; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; N, neutrophils; L, lymphocytes; M, monocytes; E, eosinophils; B, basophils; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; AMC, absolute monocyte count; AEC, absolute eosinophil count; EBC, absolute basophil count.

Table 2 Comparison of Inflammatory Parameters’ Values Between COVID-19 Patients and Control Group. The Statistical Analysis Between Groups Was Performed Using Independent Unpaired t-test for Hematological Parameters. Date is Shown as Mean±SD

Parameters	COVID-19 (n = 40)	Control (n = 37)	P
NLR	19.5±28.0	1.8±0.9	0.0003
PLR	327±408	148±107	0.0125
PNR	24±28	82±33	< 0.0001

Note: P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio; PNR, platelet to neutrophil ratio.

Table 3 Comparison of Coagulation Profile Parameters and D-Dimers Values Between COVID-19 Patient Group and Healthy Control Group. The Statistical Analysis Between Groups Was Performed Using Independent Unpaired t-test for Hematological Parameters. Date is Shown as Mean±SD

Parameters	COVID-19 (n = 40)	Control (n = 37)	P
PT (seconds)	18.4±8.1	14.7±1.10	0.007
aPTT (seconds)	44.6±12.3	33.7±2.1	< 0.0001
D-Dimer (ng/mL)	3.2±3.5	NT	NA

Note: P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: NA, not available; PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin; NT, not tested.

Table 4 Comparison of Microvesicles and Tissue Factor-Bearing Microvesicles Levels Between COVID-19 Patient Group and Healthy Control Group. The Statistical Analysis Between Groups Was Performed Using Independent Unpaired t-test for Hematological Parameters. Date is Shown as Mean±SD

Parameters	COVID-19 (n = 40)	Control (n = 37)	P
MVs (nM)	21.7±12.5	3.9±1.8	< 0.0001
TF-MVs (pg/mL))	1.9±0.7	0.5±0.3	< 0.0001

Note: P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: MVs, microvesicles; TF-MVs, tissue factor-bearing microvesicles.

Figure 1 Levels of microvesicles (A) and tissue factor-bearing microvesicles (B) in COVID-19 patient compared to healthy controls. (A) Levels of microvesicles in the plasma of the study cohort. (B) Levels of tissue factor-bearing microvesicles in the plasma of the study cohort. Individual data of patients (n=40) and controls (n=37) are shown with mean line. The statistical analysis between groups was performed using independent unpaired t-test between the two groups.

Table 5 Correlation of Microvesicles with the Studied Parameters in COVID-19 Patient Group. Statistical Analysis Was Performed Using the Single-Sample t-test for Correlation Coefficients Between the Microvesicles with Each Parameter in the Table. P < 0.05 Considered Statistically Significant

Parameter	COVID-19 (n=40)
	r	R Squared	P
MVs and TF-MVs	0.4703	0.2212	0.0022
MVs and D-dimer	0.516	0.2663	0.0011
MVs and Platelets	−0.3347	0.1120	0.0429
MVs and PLR	−0.0911	0.0083	0.5918
MVs and PNR	−0.1419	0.02013	0.4022
MVs and NLR	0.03450	0.001191	0.8464

Figure 2 Scatter plot between microvesicles and (A) tissue factor-bearing microvesicles, (B) D-dimer levels and (C) platelet count.