The Utility of Nonroutine Intraocular Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction for Uveitis in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Patients

Characteristics	All Patients (n= 87)	Patients with Any Positive PCR Result (n=15)	Patients with Negative PCR Result (n=72)
Age	40.93 ± 15.0	37.07 ± 11.8	41.74 ± 15.5
Gender
Male	49 (56.3%)	8 (16.3%)	41 (83.7%)
Female	38 (43.7%)	7 (18.4%)	31 (81.6%)
Laterality
Unilateral	39 (44.8%)	7 (17.9%)	32 (82.1%)
Bilateral	48 (55.2%)	8 (16.7%)	40 (83.3%)
Presenting visual acuity (LogMar; median, IQR)	1.77 (IQR 1.48)	2.48 (IQR 1.18)	1.77 (IQR 1.43)
Onset
Acute (≤ 90 days)	49 (56.3%)	7 (14.3%)	42 (85.7%)
Chronic (> 90 days)	35 (40.2%)	8 (22.9%)	27 (77.1%)
Unclear	3 (3.4%)	0	3 (100%)
Fluid samples
Aqueous	80 (92.0%)	13 (16.2%)	67 (83.8%)
Vitreous	7 (8.0%)	2 (28.6%)	5 (71.4%)
Anterior chamber cells*
< +2	52 (57.8%)	8 (15.4%)	44 (84.6%)
≥ +2	20 (22.2%)	4 (20.0%)	16 (80.0%)

Note: *Anterior chamber cells data in 15 patients were not available or could not be evaluated.

Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 2 Positivity of Intraocular PCR Based on Microorganism and Anatomical Involvement

Microorganism	N Tested	N positive (% From N Tested)	N (Eyes) Positive Based on the SUN Anatomical Classification / N (Eyes Assessed)
			Anterior	Intermediate	Posterior	Panuveitis
M. tuberculosis	72	5 (6.9%)	1/11 (9.1%)	0/3 (0%)	1/28 (3.6%)	3/30 (10.0%)
T. gondii	37	3 (8.1%)	0/3 (0%)	0/2 (0%)	2/15 (13.3%)	1/17 (5.9%)
CMV	55	3 (5.5%)	2/5 (40.0%)	0/3 (0%)	1/23 (4.3%)	0/24 (0%)
HSV	41	1 (2.4%)	0/3 (0%)	0/2 (0%)	0/15 (0%)	1/21 (4.8%)
VZV	29	2 (6.9%)	0/1 (0%)	0/2 (0%)	2/12 (16.7%)	0/14 (0%)
Rubella	27	1 (3.7%)	0/1 (0%)	0/1 (0%)	0/9 (0%)	1/16 (6.3%)
EBV	24	0 (0)	0/1 (0%)	0/1 (0%)	0/9 (0%)	0/13 (0%)

Abbreviations: SUN, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus.

Table 3 Positivity of Intraocular PCR Based on Anatomical Involvement and Fluid Sample Type

SUN Anatomical Involvement	Fluid Sample	Total N (Patient) Tested	N (Patient) Positive/N Total (%)	Distribution of Positive Pathogen Findings (N)
				M. tuberculosis	T. gondii	CMV	EBV	HSV	VZV	Rubella
Anterior	Aqueous	11	3/11 (27.3%)	1	–	2	–	–	–	–
	Vitreous	0	0/0 (0%)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Intermediate	Aqueous	3	0/3 (0%)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Vitreous	0	0/0 (0%)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Posterior	Aqueous	29	5/29 (17.2%)	1	2	–	–	–	2	–
	Vitreous	5	1/5 (20%)	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Panuveitis	Aqueous	37	5/37 (13.5%)	2	1	–	–	1	–	1
	Vitreous	2	1/2 (50%)	1	–	–	–	–	–	–

Abbreviations: SUN, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr irus.