A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Uropathogens from South Punjab, Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1 Distribution and prevalence of bacterial isolates in UTIs. Distribution of most prevalent (%) uropathogenic bacteria among the total number of isolates (n=572) from UTIs. Escherichia coli were the most prevalent (51.2%) among the UTIs pathogens followed by Klebsiella species (15.4%), Enterococcus species (15.4%), Pseudomonas species (9.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.2%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (3.0%) and Proteus species (2.4%) Bacterial isolates presented were significantly associated with UTI (p-value was < 0.000).

Table 1 Prevalence of Gram-Negative Rods (GNRs) and Gram-Positive Cocci (GPCs) in UTIs

UTIs Isolates		Frequency (n)	Percentage	p-value
Gram Negative Rods (GNRs), n = 449/572 (78.5%)	Escherichia coli	293	65.3% (293/449)	0.000
	Klebsiella species	88	19.6% (88/449)
	Pseudomonas species	54	12.0% (54/449)
	Proteus species	14	3.1% (14/449)
Gram Positive Cocci (GPCs), n = 123/572 (21.5%)	Enterococcus species	88	71.5% (88/123)	0.000
	Staphylococcus aureus	18	14.6% (18/123)
	Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS)	17	13.8% (17/123)
	Total	572

Notes: The frequency of UTI-associated GNRs and GPCs were presented in this table with percentages. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent GNRs bacteria followed by Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, and Proteus species, while Enterococcus species was most common among uropathogens the GPCs, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS). Prevalent bacterial isolates presented in this table were significantly associated with the incidence of UTIs (p-value <0.000).

Figure 2 The pattern of antibiotics resistance and susceptibility against Enterobacteriaceae. Frequency of antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility of antibiotics including ampicillin (AMP), nalidixic acid (NA), augmentin (AMC), cefotaxime (CTX), norfloxacin (NOR), ceftazidime (CAZ), co-trimoxazole (SXT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (G), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SCF), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), meropenem (MEM), imipenem (IPM), amikacin (AK), nitrofurantoin (F), fosfomycin (FOS) were presented in percentages against Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance (black bars) and susceptibility (grey bars) of all antibiotics mentioned in this graph were significantly associated with UTIs caused by bacterial isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species (p-value was < 0.000).

Figure 3 The pattern of antibiotics effectiveness against Pseudomonas species in UTIs. Frequency of antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility of antibiotics including norfloxacin (NOR), gentamicin (G), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (FEP), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SCF), imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AK), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), colistin (CT) were presented in percentage against Pseudomonas species. Resistance (black bars) and susceptibility (grey bars) of these antibiotics mentioned in this graph were significantly associated with UTIs associated caused by Pseudomonas species (p-value was < 0.000).

Figure 4 The pattern of antibiotics effectiveness against Enterococcus species in UTIs. Frequency of antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility of antibiotics including amikacin (AK), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (G), augmentin (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), fosfomycin (FOS), sulbactam/cefoperazone (SCF), nitrofurantoin (F), teicoplanin (TEC), linezolid (LZD) were presented in percentage against Enterococcus species. Resistance (black bars) and susceptibility (grey bars) of all antibiotics mentioned in this graph were significantly associated with UTIs caused by Enterococcus species (p-value was < 0.000).

Figure 5 The pattern of antibiotics effectiveness against Staphylococci species in UTIs. Frequency of antimicrobial susceptibility of antibiotics including ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LFX), penicillin (P), tetracycline (TE), augmentin (AMC), fosfomycin (FOS), gentamicin (G), co-trimoxazole (SXT), fusidic acid (FD), amikacin (AK), nitrofurantoin (F), linezolid (LZD), teicoplanin (TEC) was presented in percentage against Staphylococci species. Resistance (black bars) and susceptibility (grey bars) of all antibiotics mentioned in this graph were significantly associated with UTIs caused by Staphylococci species (p-value was < 0.000).