Magnitude of Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogens, and Its Associated Factors from External Ocular Infected Patients Attending at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of External Ocular Infected Patients at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia, 2021

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent % (N=347)
Sex	Male	186	53.6
	Female	161	46.4
Age in years	<5	30	8.6
	6–15	27	7.8
	16–35	171	49.3
	36–55	83	23.9
	>56	36	10.4
Residence	Urban	141	40.6
	Rural	206	59.4
Education	Unable to read and write	150	43.2
	Read and write only	81	23.3
	Primary school	25	7.2
	Secondary school and above	91	26.2
Occupation	Employee	45	13
	Farmer	123	35.4
	Merchant	38	11
	Housewife	31	8.9
	Students	110	31.7

Table 2 Clinical and Behavioral Characteristics of External Ocular Infected Patients at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia, 2021

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent % (N=347)
History of ocular surface disease	Yes	237	68.3
	No	110	31.7
History of hospitalization	Yes	25	7.2
	No	322	92.8
History of ocular trauma	Yes	199	57.3
	No	148	46.7
Use of ocular antibiotics	Yes	202	58.2
	No	145	41.8
Duration of illness	<1 week	167	48.1
	2–4 weeks	105	30.3
	>4 weeks	75	21.6
Underlying systemic disease*	Yes	40	11.5
	No	307	88.5
Cigarette smoking status	Yes	19	5.5
	No	328	94.5
Cosmetic use practice	Yes	66	19
	No	281	81
Types of infection	Conjunctivitis	204	58.8
	Blepharitis	120	34.6
	Keratitis	23	6.6

Notes: *Underlying systemic disease: diabetic mellitus (13), hepatitis (12), HIV (11), and blood pressure (4).

Figure 1 Gram-positive bacterial profile from external ocular infected patients at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia, 2021.

Table 3 Bivariable and Multivariable Logistic Regressions of Factors Associated to External Ocular Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Variables	Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates (N=119)
	Positive (%)	Negative (%)	COR [95% CI]	AOR [95% CI]	P-value
Gender
Male	61 (32.8)	125 (67.2)	1.154 (0.74–1.799)	_
Female	58 (36)	103 (64)	1
Age in year
<5	8 (26.7)	22 (73.3)	1.449 (0.608–3.452)	_
6–15	8 (29.6)	19 (69.1)	1.251 (0. 517–3.039)	_
16–35	59 (34.5)	112 (65.5)	1
36–55	34 (41)	49 (59)	0.759 (0.443–1.302)	_
>56	10 (27.8)	26 (72.2)	1.370 (0.619–3.032)	_
Residence
Urban	48 (34)	93 (66)	1.019 (0.649–1.601)	_
Rural	71 (34.5)	135 (65.5)	1
Educational level
Unable to read and write	44 (29.3)	106 (69.7)	1.307 (0.750–2.277)	_
Read and write only	32 (39.5)	49 (60.5)	0.831 (0.447–1.543)	_
Primary school only	11 (44)	14 (56)	0.690 (0.281–1.697)	_
Secondary school and above	31 (34.1)	60 (65.9)	1
Occupational status
Employee	14 (31.1)	31 (68.9)	1
Farmer	43 (35)	80 (65)	0.840 (0.404–1.747)	_
Merchant	13 (34.2)	25 (65.8)	0.868 (0.346–2.181)	_
Housewife	12 (38.7)	19 (61.3)	0.715 (0.274–1.867)	_
Students	37 (33.6)	73 (66.4)	0.891 (0.423–1.877)	_
History of ocular surface disease
Yes	75 (31.6)	162 (68.4)	1.440 (0.900–2.303)	1.352 (0.833–2.195)	0.222
No	44 (40)	66 (60)	1	1
History of ocular trauma
Yes	62 (31.3)	137 (68.7)	1.384 (0.885–2.164)	1.452 (0.904–2.333)	0.123
No	57 (38.5)	91 (61.5)	1	1
Previous use of ocular antibiotics
Yes	60 (29.7)	142 (69.3)	1.624 (1.037–2.542)	1.624 (1.037–2.542)	0.034*
No	59 (40.7)	86 (59.3)	1	1
Cigarette smoking habit
Yes	9 (47.4)	10 (52.6)	0.561 (0.221–1.420)	_
No	110 (33.5)	218 (66.5)	1
Cosmetics use practice
Yes	27 (40.9)	39 (59.1)	0.703 (0.406–1.219)	0.689 (0.396–1.200)	0.189
No	92 (34.5)	189 (65.5)	1	1

Note: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CL, confidence interval.

Table 4 Antimicrobial-Resistant Patterns of Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates from External Ocular Infections

Used Antibiotics	Pattern	List of Isolated Gram-Positive Bacteria Species (N=119)
		S. aureus (N=57)	CoNS (N=38)	S. pneumoniae (N=13)	S. pyogenes (N=7)	Enterococcus spp. (N=4)	Total (N=119)
		No.%	No.%	No.%	No.%	No.%	No.%
PEN	I	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	R	29 (49.9)	21 (55.3)	6 (46.2)	2 (28.6)	1 (25)	59 (49.6)
GEN	I	8 (14.0)	2 (5.3)	NA	NA	NA	10 (8.4)
	R	13 (22.8)	9 (23.7)	NA	NA	NA	22 (18.5)
CXT	I	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA	NA	0 (0)
	R	26 (45.6)	14 (36.8)	NA	NA	NA	40 (53.8)
CTR	I	NA	NA	NA	0 (0)	NA	0 (0)
	R	NA	NA	NA	2 (28.6)	NA	2 (1.7)
CRP	I	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA	0 (0)	0 (0)
	R	21 (38.8)	14 (36.8)	NA	NA	1 (25)	36 (30.3)
CLN	I	3 (5.3)	3 (7.9)	1 (7.7)	0 (0)	NA	7 (5.9)
	R	19 (33.3)	11 (28.9)	4 (30.8)	2 (28.6)	NA	36 (30.3)
ERY	I	5 (8.8)	5 (13.2)	4 (30.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	14 (11.8)
	R	21 (36.8)	16 (42.1)	5 (38.5)	3 (42.9)	1 (25)	46 (38.7)
AZN	I	4 (7.0)	2 (5.3)	1 (7.7)	0 (0)	NA	7 (5.9)
	R	23 (40.4)	14 (36.8)	5 (38.5)	3 (42.9)	NA	45 (37.8)
COT	I	5 (8.8)	2 (5.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	7 (5.9)
	R	23 (40.4)	11 (28.9)	4 (30.8)	3 (42.9)	NA	41 (34.5)
TET	I	2 (3.5)	4 (10.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	6(5.0)
	R	37 (64.9)	18 (47.4)	6 (46.2)	3 (42.9)	3 (75)	67 (56.3)
DOX	I	4 (7.0)	3 (7.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	7 (5.9)
	R	36 (63.2)	16 (42.1)	6 (46.2)	3 (42.9)	3 (75)	64 (53.8)
V	I	NA	NA	0 (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
	R	NA	NA	2 (15.4)	1 (14.3)	1 (25)	4 (3.4)
CHL	I	5 (8.8)	3 (7.9)	0 (0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	9 (7.6)
	R	17 (29.8)	7 (18.4)	4 (30.8%)	2 (28.6)	1 (25)	31 (26.0)

Abbreviations: PEN, penicillin; GEN, gentamicin; CXT, cefoxitin; CTR, ceftriaxone; CPR, ciprofloxacin; CLD, clindamycin; ERY, erythromycin; AZN, azithromycin, COT, cotrimoxazole; TET, tetracycline; DOX, doxycycline; VAN, vancomycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; NA, not applicable as per CLSI 2018 guideline; I, intermediate; R, resistance; spp, species.

Figure 2 Multi-drug resistance pattern of isolated Gram-positive bacteria from external ocular infected patients at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia, 2021.