Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and Acute Toxicity of Methanol Extracts of Artemisia absinthium, Datura stramonium, and Solanum anguivi

Figures & data

Table 1 Antibacterial activity of 80% methanol extract of leaves of A. absinthium against standard bacterial strains using agar-well diffusion, expressed as mean zone of inhibition (mm)

	Concentration of A. absinthium extract			Positive control
	125 mg/mL	250 mg/mL	500 mg/Ml
S. aureus	12±0^ad	14.67 ±0.33^ad	17.67 ±0.33^a	27.66±0.33 (Amo)
S. Typhimurium	15±0^acd	17.67±0.33^ad	19.33±0.33^a	27.33±0.33 (Cpr)
S. flexneri	13.17±0.17^ad	15±0.58^ad	18±0.58^a	26±0 (Cpr)
P. aeruginosa	10±0^acd	15.67±0.67^ad	18.67±0.33^a	28.68±0.33 (Cpr)
E. coli	8.67±0.33^acd	11±0^ad	14.67±0.33^a	27±0 (Amo)

Notes: Values expressed as means ± SEM (n=3); comparison of mean zone of inhibition with different concentrations of extracts and control analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; ^acompared to control, ^cto 250 mg/mL, ^dto 500 mg/mL; P<0.05; Amo, amoxicillin (30 μg/disk); Cpr, ciprofloxacin (5 μg/disk). It was noted that 5% DMSO showed no inhibition against any bacterial strain.

Table 2 Antibacterial activity of 80% methanol extract of fruit of S. anguivi against standard bacterial strains using agar-well diffusion, expressed as mean zone of inhibition (mm)

	Concentration of S. anguivi extract			Positive control
	125 mg/mL	250 mg/mL	500 mg/mL
S. aureus	10.67±0.33^acd	12.67±0.33^ad	17±0.58^a	27.66±0.33 (Amo)
S. Typhimurium	14.67±0.33^acd	18.33±0.33^ad	20.33±0.33^a	27.33±0.33 (Cpr)
S. flexneri	12.67±0.33^acd	17.33±0.33^ad	19.33±0.33^a	26±0 (Cpr)
P. aeruginosa	13.33±0.33^acd	16±0.58^ad	19.33±0.33^a	28.68±0.33 (Cpr)
E. coli	9.33±0.33^acd	12.33±0.33^ad	15.67±0.33^a	27±0 (Amo)

Notes: Values expressed as means ± SEM (n=3); comparison of mean zone of inhibition with different concentrations of extracts and control analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; ^acompared to control, ^cto 250 mg/mL, ^dto 500 mg/mL; P<0.05; Amo, amoxicillin (30 μg/disk); Cpr, ciprofloxacin (5 μg/disk). It was noted that 5% DMSO showed no inhibition against any bacterial strain.

Table 3 Antibacterial activity of 80% methanol extract of seeds of D. stramonium against standard bacterial strains using agar-well diffusion, expressed as mean zone of inhibition (mm)

	Concentration of D. stramonium extract			Positive control
S. aureus	8.67±0.33^acd	12±0.58^ad	15.33±0.33^a	27.66±0.33 (Amo)
S. Typhimurium	10.67±0.33^acd	12.33±0.33^ad	15.33±0.33^a	27.33±0.33 (Cpr)
S. flexneri	8.67±0.33^acd	13.67±0.33^ad	17.67±0.33^a	26±0 (Cpr)
P. aeruginosa	10.33±0.67^ad	12±0.58^a	14.33±0.33^a	28.68±0.33 (Cpr)
E. coli	9.67±0.33^acd	12.33±0.33^ad	15.33±0.33^a	27±0 (Amo)

Notes: Values expressed as means ± SEM (n=3); comparison of mean zone of inhibition with different concentrations of extracts and control analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; ^acompared to control, ^cto 250 mg/mL, ^dto 500 mg/mL; P<0.05; Amo, amoxicillin (30 μg/disk); Cpr, ciprofloxacin (5 μg/disk). It was noted that 5% DMSO showed no inhibition against any bacterial strain.

Table 4 MIC and MBC of 80% methanol extracts of leaves of A. absinthium, seeds of D. stramonium, and fruit of S. anguivi against tested bacterial species

	A. absinthium		D. stramonium		S. anguivi
	MIC (mg/mL)	MBC (mg/mL)	MIC (mg/mL)	MBC (mg/mL)	MIC (mg/mL)	MBC (mg/mL)
S. aureus	4.55±1.72	7.81±0	5.20±1.30	6.51±1.30	2.60±0.65	5.20±1.30
S. Typhimurium	1.30±0.33	3.25±0.65	4.55±1.72	6.51±1.30	1.30±0.32	1.95±0
S. flexneri	3.25±0.65	6.51±1.30	1.63±0.32	3.90±0	1.63±0.32	3.90±0
P. aeruginosa	1.63±0.32	3.25±0.65	7.81±0	13.02±2.60	1.95±0	1.95±0
E. coli	6.50±1.30	10.41±2.60	3.90±0	5.20±1.30	3.25±0.65	7.81±0

Note: All values are means ± SEM of three replicates analyzed by SPSS.

Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration.