Bacterial Contamination and Susceptibility Pattern Among Blood and Blood Components Using Divergent and Non-Divergent Collection Methods at Armed Forces Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Characteristics of Blood and Blood Components in AFCSH Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia, 2018

Types of Blood and Blood Components	Donor Blood Collection Method								Total (%)
	Non-Diverging (%)					Diverging (%)
Whole blood		47(25)				47 (25)			94 (25)
PRBC		47 (25)				47 (25)			94 (25)
FFP		47 (25)				47 (25)			94(25)
Platelet		47(25)				47 (25)			94(25)
Total		188 (100)				188 (100)			376 (100)
Types of blood groups
	A^+	A^−	B^+	B^−	AB^+	AB^−	O^+	O^−	Total
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Whole blood	20(21.3)	2(2.1)	23(24.5)	1(1.1)	12(12.8)	1(1.1)	32(34)	3(3.2)	94(100)
PRBC	18(19.1)	2(2.1)	19(20.2)	4(4.3)	11(11.7)	2(2.1)	36(38.3)	2(2.1)	94(100)
FFP	21(22.3)	1(1.1)	17(18.1)	2(2.1)	18(19.1)	1(1.1)	39(31.9)	4(4.3)	94(100)
Platelet	19(20.2)	1(1.1)	23(24.5)	2(2.1)	4(4.3)	1(1.1)	39(41.5)	5(5.3)	94(100)
Total	78(20.7)	6(1.6)	82(21.8)	9(2.4)	45(12)	5(1.3)	137(36.4)	14(3.7)	376(100)
Storage temperature in ^OC
	−38	−39	−40	23	24	25	3.5–5	Total
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Whole blood	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)	94(100)	0(0)
PRBC	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)	94(100)	0(0)
FFP	44(46.8)	21(22.3)	29(30.9)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)	44(46.8)
Platelet	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	23(24.5)	53(56.3)	18(19.1)	0(0)	94(100)	0(0)
Total	44(11.7)	21(5.6)	29(7.7)	23(6.3)	53(14.1)	18(4.8)	188(49.8)	376(100)	44(11.7)
Storage time
	1–5 dys	6 −7 dys	8–14 dys	9–21 dys	22–28 dys	29–35 dys	36–42 dys	>43 dys	Total
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Whole blood	0(0)	26(27.7)	18(19.1)	25(26.6)	21(22.3)	4(4.3)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)
PRBC	0(0)	11(11.7)	51(54.3)	17(18.1)	12(12.8)	3(3.2)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)
FFP	0(0)	5(5.3)	13(13.8)	2(2.1)	1(1.1)	25(26.6)	18(19.1)	30(31.9)	94(100)
Platelet	94(100)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	94(100)
Total	94(100)	42(11.2)	82(21.8)	44(11.7)	34(9)	32(8.5)	18(4.8)	30(8)	376(100)

Abbreviations: PRBC, packed red blood cell; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; ^OC, degree centigrade; dys, days.

Table 2 Multivariable Analysis of Bacterial Contamination Among Blood and Blood Components at AFCSH, Ethiopia, 2018

Characteristics	Positive N (%)	Negative N (%)	Total N (%)	COR (95% CI)	P- value	AOR (95% CI)	P- value
Non-diverging	14 (7.4)	174 (92.6)	188 (50)	4.96 (1.4–17.6)	0.013	7.75 (1–60.1)1	0.05
Diverging	3 (1.6)	185 (98.4)	188 (50)	1
WBCs	6 (35.3)	88(24.5)	94 (25)	2.07 (0.5–8.53)	0.31
PRBCs	6 (35.3)	88 (24.5)	94 (25)	2.07 (0.5–8.53)	0.31
Platelets	3 (17.6)	91 (25.3)	94 (25)	0.66 (0.1–4.04)	0.65
FFP	2 (11.8)	92 (25.6)	94 (25)	1		1
Total	17 (100)	359 (100)	376 (100)

Table 3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Positive Bacteria Collected by Non-Diverging Method, 2018

Bacterial	N	P	GEN	CTR	CLD	AMK	CXT	AMP	COT	PEN	ERY	TOB	CHL	CXM	Total
Isolates			N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
S. aureus	4	S	3 (75)	ND	3 (75)	3 (75)	4 (100)	ND	3 (75)	3 (75)	3 (75)	4 (100)	ND	ND	26 (81)
		I	1 (25)	ND	1 (25)	1 (25)	0 (0)	ND	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	4 (13)
		R	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	1 (25)	1 (25)	0 (0)	ND	ND	2 (6)
S. epidermidis	4	S	4 (100)	ND	4 (100)	4 (100)	2 (50)	ND	2 (50)	3 (75)	2 (50)	4 (100)	ND	ND	25 (78)
		I	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (25)	0 (0)	ND	ND	1 (3)
		R	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (50)	ND	2 (50)	1 (25)	1 (25)	0 (0)	ND	ND	6 (19)
L. monocytogenes	2	S	2 (100)	2 (100)	ND	ND	ND	2 (100)	1 (50)	2 (100)	1 (50)	2 (100)	1 (50)	2 (100)	15 (83)
		I	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (50)	0 (0)	1 (6)
		R	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	ND	0 (0)	1 (50)	0 (0)	1 (50)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (11)
Listeria spp	1	S	1 (100)	1 (100)	ND	ND	ND	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	9 (100)
		I	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
		R	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Total	1	S	10 (91)	3 (100)	7 (88)	7 (88)	6 (75)	3 (100)	7(64)	9 (82)	7(64)	11 (100)	2 (67)	3 (100)	75 (85)
	1	I	1 (9)	0 (0)	1 (22)	1 (22)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (9)	0 (0)	1 (9)	0 (0)	1 (33)	0 (0)	6 (6)
		R	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2(25)	0 (0)	3 (27)	2 (18)	3 (27)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	10 (9)
Total			11(100)	3 (100)	8 (100)	8 (100)	8 (100)	3 (100)	11 (100)	11 (100)	11 (100)	11 (100)	3 (100)	3 (100)	91 (100)

Abbreviations: N, number; P, pattern; ND, not done; GEN, gentamicin; CTR, ceftriaxone; CLD, clindamycin; AMK, amikacin; CXT, cefoxitin; AMP, ampicillin; COT, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole; PEN, penicillin; ERY, erythromycin; TOB, tobramycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; CXM, cefotaxime; S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistant.

Table 4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Negative Bacteria Collected by Non-Diverging Method, 2018

Bacterial	N P		GEN	CPR	CTR	AMK	MER	CFP	PIP-	COT	AUG	TOB	Total
Isolates									TAZ
			N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Klebsiella spp	1	S	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	9 (90)
		I	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (10)
		R	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Proteus mirabilis	1	S	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	8 (80)
		I	1 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (20)
		R	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1	S	0 (0)	1 (100)	ND	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	ND	ND	1 (100)	6 (85.7)
		I	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)
		R	1 (100)	0 (0)	ND	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	ND	ND	0 (0)	1 (14.3)
Sub Total	3	S	3 (33.3)	3 (100)	2 (100)	3 (100)	1 (33)	3 (100)	3 (100)	2 (100)	2 (100)	3 (100)	23 (85.2)
		I	3 (33.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (67)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (11.1)
		R	1 (33.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (3.7)
Total			3 (100)	3 (100)	2 (100)	3 (100)	3 (100)	3 (100)	3 (100)	2 (100)	2 (100)	3 (100)	27 (100)

Abbreviations: N, number; P, pattern; ND, not done; GEN, gentamicin; CPR, ciprofloxacin; CTR, ceftriaxone; AMK, amikacin; MER, meropenem; CFP, cefepime; PIP, TAZ, piperacillin-tazobactam; COT, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole; AUG, amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid; TOB, tobramycin; S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistant.

Table 5 Multidrug Resistant Level of Isolated Bacteria Collected by Non-Diverging and Diverging Method, 2018

Number of Bacterial Isolates (n)	Non-Divergent Method		Divergent Method		Number of MDR
	R0	R1	R0	R1
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
S. aureus (4)	4(23.5%)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)
S. epidermidis (6)	3(17.65%)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	2(11.76%)	3(17.65%)
L. monocytogenes (2)	1(5.88%)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	0(0)	1(5.88%)
Listeria spp (2)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	0(0)	1(5.88%)	1(5.88%)
Klebsiella spp (1)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)
Proteus mirabilis (1)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)
P. aeruginosa (1)	1(5.88%)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)	0(0)
Total (17)	12(70.6%)	2(11.76%)	0(0)	3(17.64%)	5(29.4%)

Abbreviations: N, number; MDR, multidrug-resistant; R0, isolates which were sensitive for all/intermediate for at least one antibiotics/resistant for one antibiotics; R1, resistant for one group of antibiotics.