Schistosoma mansoni Epidemiology Among Snails, Rodents and Children: A One Health Approach

Figures & data

Figure 1 Geographical map of the study area (GIS Software, 2021).

Figure 2 Diagrammatic presentation of study participant selection.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics of School Children in Takusa and Aleffa Districts

Variables	Seroprevalence
	Negatives n (%)	Positive n (%)	Total n (%) = 460
Study area districts
Takussa	171 (72.2)	66 (27.8)	237 (51.5)
Alefa	173 (77.6)	50 (22.4)	223 (48.5)
Sex of the study area
Male	156 (78.4)	43 (21.6)	199 (43.3)
Female	188 (72)	73 (28)	261 (56.7)
Age of the study area
5–9	95 (80.5)	23 (19.5)	118 (25.7)
10–14	194 (73.8)	69 (26.2)	263 (57.2)
15–19	55 (69.6)	24 (30.4)	79 (17.2)
Kebele in the study area
Delgi	64 (64)	36 (36)	100 (21.7)
Chachalwa	69 (77.5)	20 (22.5)	89 (19.3)
Chemera	38 (79.2)	10 (20.8)	48 (10.4)
Esaydebir	74 (78.5)	20 (22.5)	89 (19.3)
Dengeliber	56 (76.7)	17 (23.3)	56 (12.2)
Janitekua	43 (76.8)	13 (23.2)	56 (12.2)
Working with bare foot
No	336 (76.4)	104 (23.6)	440 (95.7)
Yes	8 (40)	12 (60)	20 (4.3)
Previous flooding in the community
No	206 (75.2)	68 (24.8)	274 (59.6)
Yes	138 (74.2)	48 (25.8)	186(40.4)
Skin cut abrasion during flooding
No	335 (76.8)	101 (23.2)	436 (94.8)
Yes	9 (37.5)	15 (62.5)	24 (5.2)
Presence of flood pooled water
No	140 (71.8)	55 (28.2)	195 (42.4)
Yes	204 (77)	61(23)	265 (57.6)
Improved access to water potable and sanitation
No	230 (74.7)	78(25.3)	308 (67)
Yes	114 (75)	38(25)	152 (33)
Use provision of toilets or latrine
No	252 (75.5)	81(24.3)	333 (72.4)
Yes	92 (72.4)	35(27.6)	127(27.6)
Presence of vegetation
No	161 (73.9)	57(26.1)	218 (47.4)
Yes	183 (75.6)	59(24.4)	242 (52.6)
Knowledge about schistosomiasis
No	278 (74.4)	94 (25.3)	372 (80.9)
Yes	66 (75)	22 (25)	88 (19.1)
Migration from the endemic area
No	299 (75.5)	92 (23.5)	391 (85)
Yes	45 (65.2)	24 (34.8)	69 (15)
Presence of contraction dam
No	280 (77.8)	80 (22.2)	360 (78.3)
Yes	64 (64)	36 (36)	100 (21.7)
Residence of the study area
Urban	194 (72.4)	74 (27.6)	268 (58.3)
Rural	150 (78.1)	42 (21.9)	192 (41.7)
Water in puddle nearby home
No	87 (78.4)	24 (21.6	111 (24.1)
Yes	257 (73.6)	92 (26.4)	349 (75.9)

Table 2 Possible Risk Factors Associated with Schistosomiasisin Children (n = 460)

Variables	S. mansoni positivity		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
	Negative	Positive
Difference in district
Alefa	173	50	1	1
Takussa	171	66	1.34 (1.87–2.04)	1.80 (0.28–2.31)	0.18
Sex
Male	156	43	1	1
Female	188	73	1.71 (1.46 −7.09)	1.09 (1.37–2.96)	0.02
Age
5–9	95	23	0.56 (0.29 −1.08)
10–14	194	69	0.82 (0.47–1.42)
15–19	55	24	1
Residence Kebele-
Chemera	38	10	1
Delgi	64	36	2.14 (0.95–4.79)
Chachalwa	69	20	1.10 (0.47–2.53)
Esaydebir	74	20	1.03 (0.44–2.41)
Dengeliber	56	17	1.15 (0.48–7.90)
Janitekua	43	13	1.15 (0.45 −2.92)
Working with bare foot
No	336	104	1	1
Yes	8	12	3.21 (3.08–5.52)	1.21, (1.08–1.52	0.001
Previous flooding in the community
No	206	68	1	1
Yes	138	48	3.95 (1.62–8.46)	1.89 (0.49–1.60)	0.81
Skin cut/abrasion history
No	335	101	1	1
Yes	9	15	4.18 (4.08–9.43)	3.6 (1.08–7.43)	0.00
Presence of flood pooled water
No	140	55	1	1
Yes	204	61	1.31 (1.06–8.01)	1.52 (0.96–2.42)	0.20
Improved access to potable and clean water
No	230	78	6.02 (1.65–13.59)	1.14 (0.69–1.88)	0.94
Yes	114	38	1	1
Use provision of toilets or latrine
No	252	81	0.85 (0.53–1.34)
Yes	92	35	1
Presence of vegetation
No	161	57	1	1
Yes	183	59	1.10 (0.72–1.67)	1.21(0.78–1.99)	0.66
Knowledge about schistosomiasis
No	278	94	1.01 (0.59–1.73)	1.22 (0.62–2.40)	0.96
Yes	66	22	1	1
Swimming habit
Yes	299	92	2.58 (1.33–6.99)	1.58 (1.33–1.99)	0.05
No	45	24	1.17 (1.06–2.44)	1.5(0.88–2.58)
Presence of constructed dam/lake
No	280	80	1.51 (0.32–3.82)
Yes	64	36	1
Residence urban/rural
Urban	194	74	1
Rural	150	42	1.36 (0.88–1.28)
Water in puddle near by home
No	87	24	1
Yes	257	92	0.77 (0.46–1.28)

Note: Statistically significant P< 0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odd ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 3 Prevalence of S. mansoni among Rodents in Takusa and Aleffa Districts

Variables	Total Examined n = 108	Positive n (%)
Study district
Takussa	54	16(29.6)
Alefa	54	7 (13)
Sex of rodents
Male	45	10 (22.2)
Female	63	13 (20.6)
Age of rodents
Juvenile	36	7 (19.4)
Young adult	30	7 (23.3)
Adult	42	9 (21.4)
Kebeles trapped
Delgi	18	7 (38.9)
Chachalwa	18	4 (22.2)
Chemera	18	5 (27.8)
Esaydebir	18	3 (16.7)
Dengeliber	18	2 (11.1)
Janitekua	18	2 (11.1)
Total	108 (100)	23 (21.3)