Clinical Laboratory Features of Microbes That Cause Neonatal Sepsis: An 8-Year Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 The inclusion and exclusion of cases in this study.

Table 1 Distribution of Organisms Isolated from Neonatal Sepsis Patients According to Sepsis Onset, Gender, and Age of the Newborns

Organism	Total n (%)	Gender n (%)		Age (Days)	Sepsis Onset n (%)
		Male	Female	Mean±SD	EONS	LONS
Gram positive
CoNS	552 (63.9)	323 (37.4)	229 (26.5)	8.74±7.42	164 (19.0)	388 (44.9)
Streptococcus agalactiae	44 (5.1)	19 (2.2)	25 (2.9)	9.11±8.72	18 (2.1)	26 (3.0)
Enterococcus.spp	34 (3.9)	20 (2.3)	14 (1.6)	9.35±7.91	10 (1.2)	24 (2.8)
Staphylococcus aureus	24 (2.8)	15 (1.7)	9 (1.0)	10.88±7.23	4 (0.5)	20 (2.3)
Listeria monocytogenes	10 (1.2)	8 (0.9)	2 (0.2)	9.30±9.21	4 (0.5)	6 (0.7)
Other Streptococcus.spp	5 (0.6)	3 (0.3)	2 (0.2)	6.83±9.02	2 (0.2)	3 (0.3)
Streptococcus pneumoniae	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	–	2.00	1 (0.1)	–
Gram negative
Escherichia coli	93 (10.8)	56 (6.5)	37 (4.3)	8.77±7.39	33 (3.8)	60 (6.9)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	33 (3.8)	21 (2.4)	12 (1.4)	12.18±6.84	1 (0.1)	32 (3.7)
Enterobacter cloacae	11 (1.3)	7 (0.8)	4 (0.5)	8.18±7.32	4 (0.5)	7 (0.8)
Serratia marcescens	5 (0.6)	2 (0.2)	3 (0.3)	12.20±10.18	1 (0.1)	4 (0.5)
Elizabethkingia meningosepticum	5 (0.6)	5 (0.6)	–	22.80±1.64	–	5 (0.6)
Ochrobactrum anthropi	5 (0.6)	5 (0.6)	–	5.00±9.51	4 (0.5)	1 (0.1)
Acinetobacter baumannii	4 (0.5)	3 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	12.00±6.48	1 (0.1)	3 (0.3)
Rhizobium radiobacter	4 (0.5)	4 (0.5)	–	10.00±9.63	1 (0.1)	3 (0.3)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	4 (0.5)	3 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	11.00±8.83	1 (0.1)	3 (0.3)
Sphingomonas paucimobilis	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	11.50±14.85	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)
Enterobacter aerogenes	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	14.50±7.78	–	2 (0.2)
Klebsiella oxytoca	1 (0.1)	–	1 (0.1)	4.00	–	1 (0.1)
Morganella morganii	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	–	1.00	1 (0.1)	–
Citrobacter freundii	1 (0.1)	–	1 (0.1)	14.00	–	1 (0.1)
Fungi
Candida parapsilosis	16 (1.9)	12 (1.4)	4 (0.5)	13.25±9.04	2 (0.2)	14 (1.6)
Candida glabrata	3 (0.3)	3 (0.3)	–	3.33±1.53	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)
Candida albicans	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	14.50±6.36	–	2 (0.2)
Candida krusei	2 (0.2)	2 (0.2)	–	13.50±0.71	–	2 (0.2)
Total	864 (100)	516 (59.7)	348 (40.3)	9.24±7.65	255 (29.5)	609 (70.5)

Abbreviations: n, number; %, percentage, the number divided by the total number; CoNS, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci; EONS, early onset neonatal sepsis; LONS, Late onset neonatal sepsis; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 2 Antibiotic resistance patterns of predominant gram-positive bacterial isolates from neonatal sepsis patients. (A) Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), (B) Streptococcus agalactiae, (C) Enterococcus spp., (D) Staphylococcus aureus.

Abbreviation: TMP/SMX, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole.

Figure 3 Antibiotic resistance trends of Staphylococcus epidermidis and E. coli isolates from neonatal sepsis patients during 2014–2021.

Figure 4 Antimicrobial resistance patterns of predominant gram-negative bacterial and Candida isolates from neonatal sepsis patients. (A) E. coli, (B) K. pneumoniae, (C) Enterobacter cloacae, (D) Candida.

Abbreviations: TZP, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, SAM, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, TMP/SMX, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole.