A Cohort Study of Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical and Non-Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants

	Frequency	Percentage	Mean (SD)
Age			44.5(10.2)
Gender
Male	360	47.2
Female	322	52.8
Nationality
Saudi	248	39
Non-Saudi	388	61
Smoker
Yes	87	11.8
No	648	88.2
Occupation
Physician	181	28
Nurse	186	28.8
Applied medicines	109	16.9
Supporting services	170	26.3
Years of Experience			16(10.3)
Diagnosed with COVID-19 before serology testing
Yes	112	15.2
No	623	84.8
SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODY
Positive	87	12.7
Negative	595	87.3
Underlying medical conditions
Obesity	115	15.6
Cancer	12	1.6
Diabetes	54	7.3
HIV/other immune deficiency	5	0.7
Heart disease	21	2.9
Asthma	43	5.9
Chronic lung disease	7	1.0
Chronic liver disease	3	0.4
Chronic hematological disorder	9	1.2
Chronic kidney disease	4	0.5
Chronic neurological impairment/ disease	5	0.7
Organ or bone marrow recipient	3	0.4
Pregnancy	6	0.8

Table 2 Cross Tabulation Between Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assay and Infection Prevention and Control Measures

Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Measures		COVID-19 Serology		Chi Square	P-value
		Positive	Negative
Did you attend any IPC training within JHAH?	Yes	73 (15.2)	407 (84.8)	0.07	0.79
	No	27 (16.1)	141 (83.9)
How much cumulative IPC training (standard precautions, additional precautions) have you had at JHAH?	Less than 2 hours	32 (14.7)	185 (85.3)	1.17	0.68
	More than 2 hours	65 (14.3)	399 (85.7)
Do you follow the recommended hand hygiene practice?	Always as recommended	92 (15.9)	486 (84.1)	1.95	0.58
	Most of the time	14 (19.4)	58 (80.6)
	Occasionally	0	3 (100)
	N/A	0	4 (100)
Do you use alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water before and after touching a patient?	Always as recommended	83 (17.1)	401 (82.9)	4.12	0.39
	Most of the time	8 (19.5)	33 (80.5)
	Occasionally	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
	Rarely	0	1 (100)
	N/A	14 (10.9)	114 (89.1)
Do you use alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water before cleaning/aseptic procedures?	Always as recommended	74 (16.4)	157 (86.3)	2.74	0.43
	Most of the time	6 (21.4)	408 (87)
	Occasionally	1 (50)	1 (50)
	N/A	23 (14.2)	139 (85.8)
Do you use alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water after (risk of) body fluid exposure?	Always as recommended	81 (16.5)	410 (83.5)	12.28	0.02*
	Most of the time	6 (37.5)	10 (62.5)
	Occasionally	1 (100)	0
	Rarely	0	2 (100)
	N/A	17 (12.5)	119 (87.5)
Do you use alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water after touching a patient’s surroundings?	Always as recommended	85 (71.3)	407 (82.7)	9.13	0.06
	Most of the time	11 (20)	39 (78)
	Occasionally	0	2 (100)
	Rarely	1 (50)	1 (50)
	N/A	8 (7.8)	95 (92.2)
Do you follow IPC standard precautions when in contact with any patient?	Always as recommended	91 (16.3)	466 (83.7)	1.22	0.94
	Most of the time	6 (16.7)	30 (83.3)
	Occasionally	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
	Rarely	1 (20)	4 (80)
	N/A	2 (10.5)	17 (89.5)
	I do not know what IPC standard are	3 (18.8)	13 (81.3)
Do you wear Personal protective Equipment (PPE) when indicated?	Always as recommended	90 (16.2)	465 (83.8)	11.02	0.03*
	Most of the time	7 (12.7)	51 (87.9)
	Occasionally	3 (50)	3 (50)
	Rarely	3 (37.5)	5 (62.5)
	N/A	0	13 (100)

Note: *Shows statistical significance with p value < 0.05.

Table 3 Cross Tabulation Between Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assay and Symptoms

Symptoms		SARS-COV-2 Antibody		Chi Square	P-value
		Positive	Negative
Fever	Yes	38 (49.4)	39 (50.6)	100.73	0.000
	No	49 (8.3)	539 (91.7)
Sore Throat	Yes	32 (25.8)	92 (74.2)	21.70	0.000
	No	55 (10.2)	486 (89.8)
Cough	Yes	38 (36.2)	67 (63.8)	58.55	0.000
	No	49 (8.8)	511 (91.3)
Runny Nose	Yes	26 (27.4)	69 (72.6)	19.89	0.000
	No	61 (10.7)	509 (89.3)
Shortness of Breath	Yes	22 (32.4)	46 (67.6)	24.74	0.000
	No	65 (10.9)	532 (89.1)
Chills	Yes	32 (45.7)	38 (54.3)	73.26	0.000
	No	55 (9.2)	540 (90.8)
Vomiting	Yes	9 (37.5)	15 (62.5)	13.06	0.000
	No	78 (12.2)	563 (87.8)
Nausea	Yes	21 (42)	29 (58)	39.76	0.000
	No	66 (10.7)	549 (89.3)
Diarrhea	Yes	25 (32.5)	52 (67.5)	28.78	0.000
	No	62 (10.5)	526 (89.5)
Headache	Yes	44 (34.9)	82 (65.1)	65.20	0.000
	No	43 (8.0)	496 (92.0)
Rash	Yes	5 (26.3)	14 (73.7)	3.01	0.08
	No	82 (12.7)	564 (87.3)
Conjunctivitis	Yes	4 (17.4)	19 (82.6)	0.39	0.53
	No	83 (12.9)	559 (87.1)
Muscle Aches	Yes	47 (45.2)	57 (54.8)	111.78	0.000
	No	40 (7.1)	521 (92.9)
Joint Aches	Yes	33 (47.1)	37 (52.9)	79.82	0.000
	No	54 (9.1)	541 (90.9)

Table 4 Cross Tabulation Between Symptoms and Comorbidities

Symptoms		Obesity				Diabetes
		Yes	No	Chi Square	P-value	Yes	No	Chi Square	P-value
Fever	Yes	23 (29.5)	55 (70.5)	12.67	0.000	10 (12.8)	68 (87.2)	3.84	0.05
	No	92 (14.0)	565 (86.0)			44 (6.7)	613 (93.3)
Sore Throat	Yes	26 (20.6)	100 (79.4)	2.87	0.09	12 (9.5)	114 (90.5)	1.06	0.30
	No	89 (14.6)	520 (85.4)			42 (6.9)	567 (93.1)
Cough	Yes	24 (22.9)	81 (77.1)	4.83	0.03	8 (7.6)	97 (92.4)	0.01	0.91
	No	91 (14.4)	539 (85.6)			46 (7.3)	584 (92.7)
Runny Nose	Yes	24 (25)	72 (75)	7.32	0.01	7 (7.3)	89 (92.7)	0.000	0.98
	No	91 (14.2)	548 (85.8)			47 (7.4)	592 (92.6)
Shortness of Breath	Yes	19 (27.9)	49 (72.1)	8.58	0.00	9 (13.2)	59 (86.8)	3.82	0.05
	No	96 (14.4)	571 (85.6)			45 (6.7)	622 (93.3)
Chills	Yes	19 (26.8)	52 (73.2)	7.36	0.007	9 (12.7)	62 (87.3)	3.28	0.07
	No	96 (14.5)	568 (85.5)			45 (6.8)	619 (93.2)
Vomiting	Yes	8 (32)	17 (68)	5.24	0.02	4 (16)	21 (84)	2.85	0.09
	No	107 (15.1)	603 (84.9)			50 (7)	650 (93)
Nausea	Yes	13 (25.5)	38 (74.5)	4.02	0.04	5 (9.8)	46 (90.2)	0.49	0.49
	No	102 (14.9)	582 (85.1)			49 (7.2)	635 (92.8)
Diarrhea	Yes	22 (28.2)	56 (71.8)	10.43	0.001*	5 (6.4)	73 (93.6)	0.11	0.74
	No	93 (14.2)	564 (85.8)			49 (7.5)	608 (92.5)
Head Ache	Yes	33 (25.8)	95 (74.2)	12.06	0.001*	12 (9.4)	116 (90.6)	0.94	0.33
	No	82 (13.5)	525 (86.5)			42 (6.9)	565 (93.1)
Rash	Yes	7 (36.8)	12 (63.2)	6.64	0.01*	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)	2.04	0.15
	No	108 (15.1)	608 (84.9)			51 (7.1)	665 (92.9)
Conjunctivitis	Yes	8 (34.8)	15 (65.2)	6.59	0.01*	4 (17.4)	19 (82.6)	3.52	0.06
	No	107 (15)	605 (85)			50 (7)	662 (93)
Muscle Aches	Yes	25 (24)	79 (76)	6.46	0.011*	10 (9.6)	94 (90.4)	0.92	0.34
	No	90 (14.3)	541 (85.7)			44 (7)	587 (93)
Joint Ache	Yes	18 (25.7)	52 (85.4)	5.94	0.02	7 (10)	63 (90)	0.80	0.37
	No	97 (14.6)	568 (85.4)			47 (7.1)	618 (92.9)
Loss of Appetite	Yes	18 (25)	54 (75)	5.29	0.02	9 (12.5)	63 (87.5)	3.11	0.08
	No	97 (14.6)	566 (85.4)			45 (6.8)	618 (93.2)
Nose Bleed	Yes	6 (40)	9 (60)	6.88	0.01*	3 (20)	12 (80)	3.60	0.06
	No	109 (15.1)	611 (84.9)			51 (7.1)	669 (92.9)
Fatigue	Yes	27 (24.1)	85 (75.9)	7.17	0.01*	12 (10.7)	100 (89.3)	2.20	0.14
	No	88 (14.1)	535 (85.9)			42 (6.7)	581 (93.3)
General Malaise	Yes	23 (27.4)	61 (72.6)	9.90	0.002*	10 (11.9)	74 (88.1)	2.89	0.09
	No	92 (14.1)	559 (85.9)			4 (6.8)	607(3.2)

Note: *Shows statistical significance with p value < 0.05.

Table 5 Association of Variables with Odds Ratio and Respective Significance with Confidence Intervals

Symptoms	B	S.E.	Wald	df	P-value	Odds Ratio	95% C.I. for Odds
							Lower	Upper
Fever (≥37.8 °C) or history of fever	−0.800	0.407	3.868	1	0.049*	0.449	0.202	0.997
Sore throat	0.704	0.441	2.555	1	0.110	2.022	0.853	4.796
Cough	−1.115	0.426	6.866	1	0.009*	0.328	0.142	0.755
Runny Nose	0.677	0.435	2.423	1	0.120	1.969	0.839	4.620
Shortness of Breath	0.483	0.442	1.196	1	0.274	1.621	0.682	3.855
Chills	0.049	0.486	0.010	1	0.920	1.050	0.405	2.721
Vomiting	−1.269	0.795	2.548	1	0.110	0.281	0.059	1.335
Nausea	0.859	0.589	2.128	1	0.145	2.360	0.745	7.479
Diarrhea	−0.781	0.414	3.558	1	0.059	0.458	0.204	1.031
Headache	−1.418	0.367	14.940	1	0.000*	0.242	0.118	0.497
Rash	−0.246	0.698	0.124	1	0.724	0.782	0.199	3.072
Conjunctivitis	1.644	0.751	4.795	1	0.029*	5.177	1.188	22.549
Muscle aches	−0.446	0.496	0.811	1	0.368	0.640	0.242	1.690
Joint ache	−0.404	0.529	0.584	1	0.445	0.668	0.237	1.882
Loss of appetite	−0.568	0.481	1.398	1	0.237	0.567	0.221	1.453
Nose bleed	1.272	0.846	2.261	1	0.133	3.569	0.680	18.733
Fatigue	−1.500	0.447	11.263	1	0.001*	0.223	0.093	0.536
General malaise	0.092	0.479	0.037	1	0.848	1.096	0.429	2.803

Note: *Shows statistical significance with p value < 0.05.