Antibiograms of Gut Flora of Poultry Farms Workers Reveal Higher Resistance Levels as Compared to Non-Workers

Figures & data

Table 1 Resistance Profile of Isolated Isolates to Different Classes of Antibiotics

Bacteria		chl	ctx	te	fep	cip	lvx	ofx	sxt	cro	cn	caz	cxm	mrp	amc
E. coli	A n = 102	54	22	20	23	53	74	45	46	50	51	20	31	39	37
	B n = 105	33	16	13	20	44	62	36	18	42	22	12	16	24	32
Salmonella	A n = 11	7	9	8	6	10	8	10	4	9	2	9	4	5	4
	B n = 12	3	2	1	0	2	4	4	0	0	0	3	0	0	0
Enterococcus spp.	A n = 12	3	1	6	3	1	7	5	3	4	6	2	2	2	4
	B n = 9	0	0	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	0	0	0	0
Shigella	A n = 12	4	5	6	6	7	10	9	2	0	2	0	2	3	3
	B n = 14	2	0	1	2	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Enterobacter spp.	A n = 9	8	7	6	7	9	7	7	8	8	3	8	0	6	6
	B n = 10	3	4	4	1	4	2	3	3	2	1	5	0	1	2
Total n=296	A n = 146	76	44	46	45	80	106	76	68	71	64	39	39	55	54
	B n =150	41	22	21	22	50	74	45	21	32	25	20	16	25	34

Notes: A, Sewage from toilets under workers use; B, Sewage from toilets of domestic use.

Abbreviations: chl, Chloramphenicol; ctx, Cefotaxime; te, Tetracycline; fep, Cefepime; cip, Ciprofloxacin; lvx, Levofloxacin; ofx, Ofloxacin; sxt, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole; cro, Ceftriaxone; cn, Gentamycin; caz, Ceftazidime; cxm, Cefuroxime; mrp, Meropenem; amc, Amoxicillin-clavulanic Acid.

Table 2 Comparison of Sensitive and Resistant Profile of Isolated Isolates

No. of Sensitive and Resistant Isolates				For Chi-Square Analysis, No. of E. coli Isolates Were Normalized to 105
Antibiotics	Pattern	E. coli from Sewage of Toilets Under Workers Use (n = 102)	E. coli from Control Sewage Samples (n = 105)	E. coli from Sewage of Toilets Under Workers Use	E. coli from Control Sewage Samples	Chi-Square	P-value
LVX	S	28	43	29	43	7.7	0.005
	R	74	62	76	62
AMC	S	65	73	67	73	1.6	0.5
	R	37	32	38	32
CTX	S	80	89	82	89	3.6	0.05
	R	22	16	23	16
CIP	S	49	61	50	61	4.7	0.05
	R	53	44	55	44
FEP	S	79	85	81	85	1.0	0.5
	R	23	20	24	20
OFX	S	57	69	59	69	4.2	0.05
	R	45	36	46	36
TE	S	82	92	84	92	5.6	0.025
	R	20	13	21	13
CRO	S	52	63	54	63	3.2	0.1
	R	50	42	51	42

Abbreviations: CTX, Cefotaxime; TE, Tetracycline; FEP, Cefepime; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; OFX, Ofloxacin; CRO, Ceftriaxone; AMC, Amoxicillin-clavulanic Acid.

Table 3 Association of Antibiotic Exposure to Production of ESBL and MDR

Variables	ESBL Production		Ratio of Odds	MDR		Ratio of Odds
	Yes	No		Yes	No
Sewage from toilets under workers use	20	126	2.22 (1.0–4.9) P = 0.04	37	109	1.78 (1.00–3.16) P = 0.04
Sewage from toilets of domestic use	10	140		24	126

Abbreviations: ESBL, extended spectrum β-lactamases; MDR, multidrug resistance.