A High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates from Different Clinical Samples Among Patients Referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Frequency of Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates with Sex and Age Group

Variables	Category	No Growth for GRAM Positive Cocci Bacteria N (%)	Growth for Gram Positive Cocci Bacteria N (%)	Total Processed Samples N (%)
Sex	Female	448(64.7)	51(51)	499(63.0)
	Male	244(35.3)	49(49)	293(36.9)
	Total	692(87.4)	100(12.6)	792(100)
Age group	<1	8(1.2)	0	8(1.01)
	1–14	102(14.7)	21(21)	123(15.5)
	15–24	65(9.4)	17(17)	82(10.3)
	25–44	315(45.5)	37(37)	352(44.4)
	45–64	135(19.5)	12(12)	147(18.6)
	>65	67(9.7)	13(13)	80(10.1)
Total		692(87.4)	100(12.6)	792

Table 2 Frequency of Gram-Positive Cocci Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens

Sample Types	E. faecalis	S. agalactiae	S. aureus	CoNs							Total
				S. epidermidis	S. haemolyticus	S. hominis	S. intermedius	S. saprophyticus	S. simulans	S. warneri
Wound	0	0	42	1	1	0	3	0	0	1	48
Blood	1	0	1	3	4	1	0	1	2	5	18
Urine	2	1	1	2	0	0	1	5	3	2	17
Ear swab	0	0	4	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	7
Nasal	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	3
Body fluid	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2
Eye swab	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
CSF	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
Semen	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
Urogenital	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Total	3	1	54	6	5	1	7	6	5	12	100

Table 3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates from Different Clinical Specimens

Organism	P	PEN	OXA	GEN	CIP	LEV	MXF	ERY	CL	QDA	LNZ	DAP	VAN	MNO	TET	TGC	NIT	RIF	TMP
S. aureus (N=54)	I	0	0	0	3.7	1.9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.9	0	5.6	0	0
	R	82	18.5	0	3.7	1.9	1.9	9.3	5.6	0	0	1.9	1.9	0	22.2	0	0	1.9	51.9
	S	18	81.5	100	92.6	96.2	98.1	90.7	94.4	100	100	98.1	98.1	100	75.9	100	94.4	98.1	48.1
E. faecalis (3)	I	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	R	100	33.3	33.3	67	66.7	66.7	67	100	100	33	33	33.3	100	100	33	33.3	33.3	33.3
	S	0	66.7	66.7	33	33.3	33.3	33	0	0	67	67	66.7	0	0	67	66.7	66.7	66.7
S. agalactiae (N=1)	I	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	R	0	0	0	100	100	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0
	S	100	100	100	0	0	0	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	0	100	100
CoNS (n=42)	I	0	0	4.7	4.7	2.3	9.5	0	0	0	0	0	2.4	0	2.4	0	2.4	0	0
	R	90.5	64.3	11.9	28.5	28.5	14.3	50	36	4.7	4.7	7.1	7.1	4.7	47.6	9.5	4.7	21.4	42.8
	S	9.5	35.7	83.3	66.6	69	76.1	50	64	95.2	95.2	92.8	90.4	95.2	50	90.4	90.4	78.6	57.1
Total (n=100)	I	0	0	2	4	2	4	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	3	0	0
	R	85	38	6	17	16	6	28	21	5	3	5	5	5	35	5	11	20	47
	S	15	62	92	79	82	86	72	79	95	97	95	94	95	63	95	86	80	53

Abbreviations: PEN, penicillin; OXA, oxacillin; GEN, gentamicin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; CL, clindamycin; QDA, quinupristin/dalfopristin; LNZ, linezolid; DAP, daptomycin; VAN, vancomycin; MNO, minocycline; TET, tetracycline; TGC, tigecycline; NIT, nitrofurantoin; RIF, rifampicin; TMP, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; P, pattern; I, intermediate; R, resistant; S, susceptible.

Figure 1 Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Gram-positive cocci isolated from different clinical samples.

Abbreviations: PEN, penicillin; OXA, oxacillin; GEN, gentamicin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin; ERY, erythromycin; CL, clindamycin; QDA, quinopristin/dalfopristin; LNZ, linezolid; DAP, daptomycin; VAN, vancomycin; MNO, minocycline; TET, tetracycline; TGC, tigecycline; NIT, nitrofurantoin; RIF, rifampicin; TMP, sulphamethazole/trimethoprim.

Table 4 Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates

Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates	Antibiotics Resistant N (%)
	R0	R1	R2	R3	R4	>R4	MDR(≥R3)
S. aureus (n=54)	5(9.3)	12(22.2)	23(42.6)	7(12.9)	5(9.3)	1(1.8)	13(24.1%)
CoNS (n=42)	3(7.1)	4(9.5)	7(16.7)	5(11.9)	7(16.7)	16(38)	28(66.7%)
E. faecalis (n=3)	0	0	0	0	0	3	3(100%)
S. agalactiae (n=1)	0	0	1(100)	0	0	0	0(0%)
Total (n=100)	8(8)	17(17)	31(31)	12(12)	12(12)	20(20)	44(44%)

Notes: R0 - no resistance for any antibiotic; R1- resistant for 1 class of antibiotic; R2 - resistant for 2 classes of antibiotics; R3 - resistant for 3 classes of antibiotics; R4 - resistant for 4 classes of antibiotics; > R4 - resistant for more than 4 class of antibiotics; MDR (≥ R3) - resistant for three or more class of antibiotics.