Foodborne Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Ethiopia: An Urgent Call for Action on “One Health”

Figures & data

Table 1 Researches Done in Ethiopia That Showed Level of Parasite Contamination in Different Food Items

Author	Food Items	Source of Sample	Isolated Parasite	Reference
Bekele F. et al, 2017	Tomato, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, green pepper and avocado	Local open-market	A. lubmbricoids, Toxocara spp., H. nana., E. histolytica/dispar, G. intestinalis, H. diminuta and C. belli	[23]
Tefera T et al^Citation18	Tomato, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, green pepper, tomato, banana and mango	Local open markets	Toxocara spp., H. nana, E. histolytica/dispar, G. intestinalis, H. diminuta and Hookworms, A. lubmbricoids, Strongyloides, Cyclospora spp and Cryptosporidium spp	[24]
Endale A et al, 2018	Lettuce, cabbage, spinach, carrot, green pepper, mango, tomato. orange banana	Local open markets	E. histolytica/dispar, G. lambila, Strongyloides, A. lubmbricoids Cyclospora spp., Cryptosporidium spp., I. Belli, Hymenolepis spp., and T. trichiura	[25]
Alemu G. et al, 2019	Lettuce, cabbage, spinach, carrot, green pepper, mango, tomato	Local open markets	E. histolytica/dispar, E. coli, G. intestinalis, Hookworms, A. lubmbricoids, Strongyloides, Cyclospora spp., Cryptosporidium spp., F. hepatica, E. vermicularis and T. trichiura	[26]
Gebremariam Gk, Girmay TG. 2020	Lettuce, cabbage, spinach, green pepper, potato tomato	Open market	E. histolytica/dispar, G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., A. lubmbricoids, Taenia spp., Hook worm spp., E. Vermicularis, Fasciola spp.	[27]
Delesa DA. 2017^Citation22	Lettuce, cabbage, carrots	Farm and market	Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Ascaris spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.	[28]
Kifleyohannes T et al, 2021	Cabbage, carrots, tomato, green pepper, lettuce, guava	Local open-market, Backyards of farmers, irrigated farm lands	Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba spp.	[29]
Alemu G. et al, 2018	Tomato, cabbage, carrots, green pepper and salad	Local open markets	G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., Hookworms, B. coli, E. histolytica, Cyclospora spp., Stronglode, A. lubmbricoids	[30]
Bekele F et al, 2020	Tomato, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, green pepper and avocado	Local open markets	Toxocara spp., H. nana., E. histolytica/dispar, G. intestinalis, H. diminuta and Hookworms, A. lubmbricoids	[31]
Getahun et al, 2020	Meat	Abattoirs	Echinococcosis, Fasciola and Cysticercus	[32]
Muhammed S & Birhanu T. 2020	Organ (lung, liver, heart and kidneys)	Municipal Abattoirs	Bovine hydatidosis, Bovine Fasciolosis and Cysticercus bovis	[33]
Molla D. et al, 2018	Organ (lung, liver, heart, kidneys, head and tongue)	Abattoir condemnations	Hydatidosis, Fasciolosis and Cysticercus	[34]

Table 2 Researches Done in Ethiopia That Showed Level of Bacterial Contamination in Fruits and Vegetables

Author	Food Items	Source of Sample	Result and Isolated Bacteria	Reference
Mengistu DA. et al, 2022	Locally prepared fresh fruit juice	Juice houses	E. coli and other indicator organisms (Total coliform, fecal coliform and total viable bacterial count)	[50]
Berhanu M. et al, 2020	Packed and fresh fruit juice (non-refrigerated)	Supermarkets and cafes	E. coli, S. aureus, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp.	[51]
Derra FA. et al, 2020	Mushroom, carrot, potato, Lentil, moringa, onion, salads and others	Retrospective data food microbiology laboratory of EPHI	E.coli, S. aureus, and indicator organism (total coliform, fecal coliform, Mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold cont.)	[52]
Dobo B. 2019	Orange, banana, tomato, cabbege	Local markets	S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and indicator organism (total coliform, fecal coliform, Mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold count)	[53]
Alemu et al, 2018	Tomato, cabbage, green pepper, carrot, lettuce	Local vendor	E. coli, S. aureus, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp.	[30]
Shiferaw M. and Kibiret M. 2018	Avocado, guava	Juice houses	Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and Indicator organisms (total coliform count, fecal coliform count, S. aureus count, Mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total yeast and mold counts)	[54]
Delesa DA. 2017	Lettuce, cabbage, carrots	Farm and market	Indicator organisms (total aerobic mesospheric count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count and total yeast and mold counts)	[28]
Weldezgna D. and Muleta D. 2016	Lettuce, cabbage, tomato, carrots, potato, green pepper, onion	From irrigation farm land with river	S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and indicator organism (total coliform and fecal coliform)	[55]
Leul A. and Kibret M. 2012	Mango and pineapple juice	Cafes and juice houses	Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and indicator organism	[56]
Ayele W. 2009	Some vegetable like lettuce	Locally produced and marketed vegetable	E. coli (indicator organism)	[57]
Solomon ET. et al, 2002	Lettuce	Irrigation (study purpose)	E. coli O157:H7	[58]

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