Antibiotic Resistance in COVID-19 with Bacterial Infection: Laboratory-Based Surveillance Study at Single Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient Characteristics

Variable	Total (n = 733)
	n	(%)
Age group (years)
18–20	7	1.0
21–30	63	8.6
31–40	109	14.9
41–50	138	18.8
51–60	183	25.0
61–70	159	21.7
>70	74	10.1
Gender
Female	322	43.9
Male	411	56.1
Ward type
Intensive	204	27.8
Non-intensive	529	72.2
Length of stay (days)
Median (Min-Max)	13 (0–53)
Clinical Outcome
Survive	541	73.8
Not survive	192	26.2

Figure 1 Study flow chart.

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICD-10, The International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision; n, number of patients.

Figure 2 Distribution of identified pathogens from respiratory and non-respiratory specimen. X-axis shows the actual number of isolates identified and Y-axis shows the name of identified isolate, stratified by Gram-type bacteria.

Abbreviations: GNB, Gram-negative bacteria; GPB, Gram-positive bacteria.

Table 2 Percentage Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Selected Antibiotics from Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Specimen

Antibiotic Class	Antibiotic Agent	kpn		aba		eco		pae		ecl		sma
		n	%R	n	%R	n	%R	n	%R	n	%R	n	%R
β-lactam combination	Ampicillin-Sulbactam	148	24	134	82	69	60	65	100	34	100	12	100
β-lactam combination	Piperacillin-tazobactam	148	9	134	88	69	5	65	15	34	0	12	0
Cephalosporin	Cefotaxime	148	25	134	–	69	73	65	–	34	22	12	25
Cephalosporin	Ceftriaxone	148	25	134	81	69	75	65	–	34	35	12	22
Cephalosporin	Ceftazidime	148	21	134	84	69	29	65	17	34	18	12	22
Cephalosporin	Cefepime	148	11	134	87	69	22	65	15	34	5	12	0
Aminoglycoside	Amikacin	148	6	134	44	69	0	65	15	34	0	12	0
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	148	19	134	82	69	37	65	18	34	18	12	22
Fluoroquinolone	Ciprofloxacin	148	29	134	86	69	77	65	20	34	25	12	22
Monobactam	Aztreonam	148	32	134	–	69	63	65	21	34	22	12	22
Folate pathway antagonist	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	148	27	134	57	69	58	65	–	34	31	12	0
Carbapenem	Meropenem	148	10	134	85	69	2	65	13	34	6	12	0

Abbreviations: aba, Acinetobacter baumannii; ecl, Enterobacter cloacae; eco, Escherichia coli; kpn, Klebsiella pneumoniae; pae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; sma, Serratia marcescens; n, number of isolates tested to a certain antibiotic agent; %R, percentage of antibiotic resistance; (-) dash, not tested.

Table 3 Percentage Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Selected Antibiotics from Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Specimen

Antibiotic Class	Antibiotic Agent	shl		sep		sau		sho		efm
		n	%R	n	%R	n	%R	n	%R	n	%R
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	46	64	39	25	15	0	11	10	9	–
Lincosamide	Clindamycin	46	80	39	58	15	7	11	90	9	–
Macrolide	Erythromycin	46	89	39	75	15	15	11	80	9	100
Fluoroquinolone	Levofloxacin	46	84	39	75	15	23	11	80	9	85
Fluoroquinolone	Moxifloxacin	46	71	39	58	15	16	11	70	9	–
Oxazolidinone	Linezolid	46	2	39	0	15	0	11	10	9	0
Penicillin	Oxacillin	46	92	39	77	15	7	11	90	9	–
Glycopeptide	Vancomycin	46	0	39	0	15	0	11	0	9	0
Folate pathway antagonist	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	46	46	39	72	15	7	11	80	9	–

Abbreviations: efm, Enterococcus faecium; sau, Staphylococcus aureus; sep, Staphylococcus epidermidis, shl, Staphylococcus haemolyticus; sho, Staphylococcus hominis; n, number of isolate tested to certain antibiotic agent; %R, percentage of antibiotic resistance; (-) dash, not tested.