Bacterial Contamination Level of Indoor Air and Surface of Equipment in the Operation Room in Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Bacterial Concentration of Indoor Air Taken from Major and Gyne ORs and Wards Expressed as CFU/dm²/Hr and CFU/m³, in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Sampled Sites	Sampling Time	N	Minimum CFU/dm^2/hr	Maximum CFU/dm^2/hr	Mean (±SD)
					(CFU/dm^2/hr)	(CFU/m^3)
Major OR-1	Active	8	63	124	94.63 (20.625)	1,104.12 (320.118)
	Passive	8	4	11	7.75 (2.252)	101.75 (29.596)
Gyne OR-2	Active	8	43	111	73.63 (23.549)	965.00 (308.591)
	Passive	8	3	12	7.37 (2.774)	96.75 (36.291)
MCR-2	Morning	8	352	511	429.12 (53.504)	5,736.50 (776.369)
	Afternoon	8	401	647	509.75 (88.730)	6,680.50 (1,162.940)
FCR-1	Morning	8	328	511	417.62 (55.067)	5,473.38 (721.651)
	Afternoon	8	394	631	509.38 (68.323)	6,675.75 (895.386)
STR/MSR-1	Morning	8	276	422	357.12 (54.228)	4,680.50 (711.021)
	Afternoon	8	312	510	424.87 (66.053)	5,568.38 (865.755)
MSW-3	Morning	8	153	398	259.62 (88.586)	3,402.50 (1,161.067)
	Afternoon	8	354	648	485.88 (92.405)	6,367.62 (1,211.171)
FSW-1	Morning	8	164	277	213.88 (38.857)	2,802.88 (509.197)
	Afternoon	8	273	413	349.25 (52.858)	4,577.25 (692.671)
MW-3	Morning	8	86	234	137.25 (49.367)	1,798.75 (647.080)
	Afternoon	8	165	322	242.63 (58.111)	3,179.62 (761.690)

Abbreviations: MCR, male clothing room; FCR, female clothing room; STR/MSR, sterilization room/material store room; MSW, male surgical ward; FSW, female surgical ward; GW/MW, Gynecology/maternity ward; CFU/dm² or CFU/m³, colony forming unit per square decimeter or per cubic meter.

Table 2 Percentage of Indoor Air of Different Sites Against the Standard, in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Site	Sample examined, n (%)			Standard CFU/dm^2/hr^Citation22			p-value
	Optimal	Acceptable	Unacceptable	Optimal	Acceptable	Unacceptable
Major OR-1	1 (6.25%)	8 (50%)	7 (43.75%)	0–4^a 0–60^b	5–8^a 61–90^b	> 9^a > 91^b
Gyne OR-2	3 (18.75%)	9 (56.25%)	4 (25%)
MCR-2	0 (0%)	7 (43.75%)	9 (56.25%)	0–250	251–450	> 451	0.000
FCR-1	0 (0%)	7 (43.75%)	9 (56.25%)
STR/MSR-1	1 (6.25%)	11 (68.75%)	4 (25%)
Sub total	5 (6.25%)	42 (52.5%)	33 (41.25%)
MSW-3	5 (31.25%)	5 (31.25%)	6 (37.5%)	0–250	251–450	> 451
FSW-1	8 (50%)	8 (50%)	0 (0%)
MW-3	13 (81.25%)	3 (18.75%)	0 (0%)
Grand Total	31 (24.22%)	58 (45.31%)	39 (30.47%)

Notes: ^aMeans at rest or passive time; ^bmeans during active or surgery time.

Table 3 Time Variation of Indoor Air Samples Against the Standard, in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Parameter	Number of Sample, N=128			p-value
	Morning/Active Time	Afternoon/Rest Time	Total
Optimal	24 (37.5%)	7 (10.94%)	31 (24.22%)	0.000
Acceptable	29 (45.31%)	29 (45.31%)	58 (45.31%)
Unacceptable	11 (17.19%)	28 (43.75%)	39 (30.47%)
Total	64 (100%)	64 (100%)	128 (100%)

Table 4 ANOVA for Mean Difference of Bacterial Load and Magnitude of the Effect Size Among Investigated Wards and Clothing Rooms, in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Effect Size (Partial Eta Squared)
Bacterial Load Versus Wards	Between Groups	941,998.427	5	188,399.685	21.942	0.000	0.549
	Within Groups	772,755.813	90	8,586.176
	Total	1,714,754.240	95

Table 5 ANOVA for Mean Difference of Sampling Time Variations in Bacterial Load Among Investigated Wards and Rooms, in Dilchora Referral Hospital

		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Effect size (Eta Squared)
Major OR Active verses Passive	Between Groups	4,019,022.563	1	4,019,022.563	77.774	0.000	0.847
	Within Groups	723,462.375	14	51,675.884
	Total	4,742,484.938	15
Gynaecology OR Active versus Passive	Between Groups	3,015,432.250	1	3,015,432.250	62.466	0.000	0.817
	Within Groups	675,819.500	14	48,272.821
	Total	3,691,251.750	15
Male Clothing Room Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	3,564,544.000	1	3,564,544.000	3.646	0.077	0.207
	Within Groups	13,686,236.000	14	977,588.286
	Total	17,250,780.000	15
Female Clothing Room Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	5,782,822.562	1	5,782,822.562	8.745	0.010	0.384
	Within Groups	9,257,469.375	14	661,247.813
	Total	15,040,291.937	15
Sterilization Room Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	3,153,288.063	1	3,153,288.063	5.025	0.042	0.264
	Within Groups	8,785,577.875	14	627,541.277
	Total	11,938,865.938	15
Male Surgical Ward Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	35,167,865.063	1	35,167,865.063	24.986	0.000	0.641
	Within Groups	19,705,081.875	14	1,407,505.848
	Total	54,872,946.938	15
Female Surgical Ward Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	12,593,626.563	1	12,593,626.563	34.079	0.000	0.709
	Within Groups	5,173,522.375	14	369,537.313
	Total	17,767,148.938	15
Maternity ward Morning versus Afternoon	Between Groups	7,627,263.063	1	7,627,263.063	15.272	0.002	0.522
	Within Groups	6,992,195.375	14	499,442.527
	Total	14,619,458.438	15

Figure 1 Proportion of bacteria isolated from Indoor air of operation theater and surgical wards in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.

Figure 2 Bacterial species Isolated from Surface articles and equipment of OR in Dilchora Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.

Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Savino A. The index of microbial air contamination. J Hosp Infect. 2000;46(4):241–256. doi:10.1053/jhin.2000.0820

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