Malnutrition is Associated with an Increased Risk of Death in Hospitalized Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Entire Study Cohort Based on GNRI Grouping

	Control (n=516)	Malnutrition Based on GNRI (n=1331)	P value	Standardized Difference
Age, years	46.0 (29.0–61.0)	60.0 (38.0–71.0)	0.042	0.528
Female sex, no. (%)	163 (31.6)	415 (31.2)	0.865	−0.009
Previous MI, no. (%)	2 (0.4)	1 (0.1)	0.190	−0.114
CHF, no. (%)	8 (1.6)	125 (9.4)	<0.001	0.269
PVD, no. (%)	1 (0.2)	16 (1.2)	0.078	0.092
CBVD, no. (%)	9 (1.7)	56 (4.2)	0.010	0.123
Hemiplegia, no. (%)	0 (0)	2 (0.2)	>0.999	0.039
Dementia, no. (%)	0 (0)	6 (0.5)	0.284	0.067
COPD/asthma, no. (%)	14 (2.7)	111 (8.3)	<0.001	0.203
CTD, no. (%)	5 (1.0)	54 (4.1)	0.001	0.156
UD, no. (%)	5 (1.0)	9 (0.7)	0.725	−0.036
Diabetes, no. (%)
Without complication	85 (16.5)	222 (16.7)	0.915	0.006
With complications	23 (4.5)	46 (3.5)	0.309	−0.055
Moderate/severe nephropathy, no. (%)	25 (4.8)	162 (12.2)	<0.001	0.224
Liver disease, no. (%)
Mild	5 (1.0)	21 (1.6)	0.319	0.049
Moderate/severe	3 (0.6)	26 (2.0)	0.033	0.099
Tumor, no. (%)
No metastasis	20 (3.9)	61 (4.6)	0.506	0.034
Metastasis	0 (0)	8 (0.6)	0.171	0.078
Leukemia, no. (%)	0 (0)	1 (0.1)	>0.999	0.027
Lymphoma, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
AIDS, no. (%)	0 (0)	7 (0.5)	0.219	0.073
MDR-TB, no. (%)	50 (9.7)	100 (7.5)	0.124	=0.083

Note: Values are numbers (%) or medians (interquartile ranges).

Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CBVD, cerebral vascular disease; CHF, Congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; MI, myocardial infarction; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; UD, ulcer disease.

Table 2 All-Cause Mortality Among Entire Study Cohort

	Control (n=516)	Malnutrition based on GNRI (n=1331)	P value
All-cause mortality, no. (%)	1 (0.2)	16 (1.2)	0.078
	Control (n=1207)	Malnutrition based on BMI (n=640)
All-cause mortality, no. (%)	6 (0.5)	11 (1.7)	0.009

Note: Values are numbers (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analysis of All-Cause Mortality During Hospitalization Based on GNRI Grouping

Vairable	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Malnutrition based on GNRI
Normal	1 (Reference)	–	1 (Reference)	–
Mild	1.439 (0.090–23.074)	0.797	2.341 (0.100–55.048)	0.598
Moderate	3.160 (0.328–30.477)	0.320	2.847 (0.203–39.942)	0.437
Severe	13.205 (1.710–101.945)	0.013	9.128 (0.686–121.499)	0.094
Age	1.068 (1.030–1.107)	<0.001	–	0.401
Female sex	1.094 (0.384–3.120)	0.867	–	–
Previous MI	57.125 (4.928–662.238)	0.001	47.457 (2.149–1047.807)	0.015
CHF	25.667 (9.334–70.579)	<0.001	9.433 (3.046–29.215)	<0.001
CBVD	6.111 (1.712–21.811)	0.005	–	0.316
Dementia	22.812 (2.521–206.443)	0.005	–	0.309
COPD/asthma	3.000 (0.851–10.581)	0.088	–	0.968
CTD	1.909 (0.249–14.643)	0.534	–	–
Diabetes
No diabetes	1 (Reference)	–	–	–
Without complication	0.735 (0.165–3.276)	0.687	–	–
With complications	3.348 (0.741–15.135)	0.116	–	–
Moderate/severe nephropathy	8.199 (3.124–21.515)	<0.001	3.528 (1.202–1.349)	0.022

Abbreviations: CBVD, cerebral vascular disease; CHF, Congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; MI, myocardial infarction; OR, odds ratio.

Table 4 Clinical Characteristics of Propensity Score Matched Patient Pairs Based on GNRI Grouping

	Control (n=513)	Malnutrition Based on GNRI (n=513)	P value	Standardized Difference
Age, years	46 (29.0–61.0)	44 (28.0–62.0)	0.768	0.013
Female sex, no. (%)	162 (31.6)	168 (32.7)	0.688	0.025
Previous MI, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
CHF, no. (%)	6 (1.2)	7 (1.4)	0.780	0.007
PVD, no. (%)	1 (0.2)	1 (0.2)	>0.999	<0.001
CBVD, no. (%)	8 (1.6)	11 (2.1)	0.487	0.029
Hemiplegia, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
Dementia, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
COPD/asthma, no. (%)	14 (2.7)	13 (2.5)	0.845	−0.007
CTD, no. (%)	5 (1.0)	6 (1.2)	0.762	0.010
UD, no. (%)	4 (0.8)	5 (1.0)	>0.999	0.024
Diabetes, no. (%)
Without complication	84 (16.4)	79 (15.4)	0.669	−0.026
With complications	22 (4.3)	21 (4.1)	0.876	−0.011
Moderate/severe nephropathy, no. (%)	25 (4.9)	27 (5.3)	0.776	0.012
Liver disease, no. (%)
Mild	5 (1.0)	8 (1.6)	0.402	0.047
Moderate/severe	3 (0.6)	2 (0.4)	>0.999	−0.014
Tumor, no. (%)
No metastasis	20 (3.9)	18 (3.5)	0.741	−0.019
Metastasis	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
Leukemia, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
Lymphoma, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
AIDS, no. (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–	<0.001
MDR-TB, no. (%)	50 (9.7)	44 (8.6)	0.516	−0.044

Note: Values are numbers (%) or medians (interquartile ranges).

Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CBVD, cerebral vascular disease; CHF, Congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; MI, myocardial infarction; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SD, standard deviation; UD, ulcer disease.

Table 5 All-Cause Mortality Among Propensity Score Matched Patient Pairs

	Control (n=513)	Malnutrition based on GNRI (n=513)	P value
All-cause mortality, no. (%)	0 (0)	2 (0.4)	<0.001
	Control (n=620)	Malnutrition based on BMI (n=620)
All-cause mortality, no. (%)	4 (0.6)	10 (1.6)	<0.001

Note: Values are numbers (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index.