Helicobacterpylori Antibiotic Resistance in Egypt: A Single-Center Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Antibiotic Disk Concentrations and Diameters of the Zones of Inhibition

Antibiotic	Disc Concentration (µg)	Diameter of Inhibition Zone
		Sensitive (mm)	Intermediate (mm)	Resistant (mm)
Levofloxacin	5	≥19	17–18	<17
Doxycycline	30	≥ 9	17–18	<17
Clarithromycin	15	≥22	21	<21
Azithromycin	15	≥22	16–21	<16
Metronidazole	5	≥24	17–23	<17
Moxifloxacin	5	≥19	17–18	<17
Rifampicin	5	≥22	17–21	<17
Erythromycin	15	≥22	16–21	<16
Amoxicillin	10	≥21	16–20	<16

Table 2 Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Variables Between Culture-Positive and Culture-Negative Patients

Variable	Total (N = 134)	Culture Positive (N = 20)	Culture Negative (N = 114)	p-value
Male gender	56 (41.7%)	5 (25%)	51 (44.6%)	0.2
Age, years (mean ±SD)	42.2 ± 14.4	46.1 ±13.9	41.8 ±14.9	0.2
Smoker	33 (24.6%)	3 (15%)	30 (26.3%)	0.3
Abdominal pain	129 (96.3%)	20 (100%)	109 (95.6%)	0.3
Nausea and vomiting	74 (55.2%)	6 (30%)	68 (59.6%)	0.01
Bloating	42 (31.3%)	9 (45%)	33 (28.9%)	0.1
Heart burn	112 (83.6%)	17 (85%)	95 (83.3%)	0.8
Diarrhea	9 (6.7%)	1 (5%)	8 (7%)	0.7
Easy fatigability	9 (6.7%)	2 (10%)	7 (6.1%)	0.5
Loss of weight	18 (13.4%)	3 (15%)	15 (13.2%)	0.8
Hematemesis and/or melena	53 (39.6%)	9 (45%)	44 (38.6%)	0.6
Previous H. pylori treatment	18 (13.4%)	1 (5%)	17 (14.9%)	0.2
NSAID intake	52 (38.2%)	8 (40%)	44 (38.6%)	0.9
DM	15 (11.2%)	5 (25%)	10 (8.8%)	0.04
Pallor	62 (46.3%)	9 (45%)	53 (46%)	0.9
Abdominal tenderness	113 (84.3%)	19 (95%)	94 (82.5%)	0.2

Table 3 Comparison of Endoscopic Findings and H. pylori Forms Between Culture-Positive and Culture-Negative Patients

Variable	Total (N = 134)	Culture Positive (N = 20)	Culture Negative (N = 114)	p-value
Endoscopic granularity	41 (30.6%)	7 (35%)	34 (29.9%)	0.6
Endoscopic erosions	71 (53%)	13 (65%)	58 (50.9%)	0.2
Endoscopic ulceration	21 (15.7%)	2 (10%)	19 (16.7%)	0.4
Histopathology, cocci	50/121 (41.3%)	6 (30%)	44 (38.5%)	0.008
Histopathology, bacilli	24/121 (20.4%)	9 (45%)	15 (13.2%)
Histopathology, cocco-bacilli	47/121 (38.3%)	5 (25%)	42 (36.8%)

Figure 1 Antibiotic resistance rates.

Figure 2 Multiple drug resistance of H. pylori to amoxicillin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.

Abbreviations: C, clarithromycin; M, metronidazole; A, amoxicillin; D, doxycycline; L, levofloxacin.