Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among Covid-19 Survivors. Experience from Ethiopian Treatment Centers

Figures & data

Table 1 Difference in EQ-5D and EQ-VAS Score by Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents Discharged from Covid-19 Treatment Centers in Ethiopia, 2020–2021

Category	N(%)	EQ-5D-5L Index		VAS Score
		Median (IQR)	P-value	Median (IQR)	P-value
Total	493 (100)	0.940 (0.783, 0.966)		87 (70, 91)
Sex
Male	320 (64.9)	0.935 (0.754,0.966)	0.294	87 (72, 92)	0.227
Female	173 (35.1)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		86 (70, 90)
Resident
Urban	318 (64.5)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)	0.818	87 (70, 92)	0.612
Rural	175 (35.5)	0.904 (0.752, 0.966)		85 (72, 90)
Age (in years)
18–30	128 (26.0)	0.966 (0.963, 0.967)	0.001	92 (90, 95)	0.001
31–45	210 (42.6)	0.966 (0.904, 0.967)		90 (85, 92)
46–59	104 (21.1)	0.815 (0.752, 0.904)		75 (70, 87)
> 60	51 (10.3)	0.752 (0.678, 0.860)		70 (65,76)
Marital status
Married	349 (70.8)	0.904 (0.752,0.966)	0.001	80 (70, 90)	0.001
Others	144 (29.2)	0.966 (0.904, 0.967)		91 (85,95)
Educational status
Non-formal	153 (31.0)	0.815 (0.752, 0.966)	0.001	75 (70,90)	0.001
Primary (1–8)	226 (45.8)	0.966 (0.815,0.967)		89 (73, 92)
Secondary and above	114 (23.1)	0.966 (0.815,0.967)		89 (70,91)
Occupational status
Farmer	79 (16.0)	0.815 (0.752, 0.966)	0.001	75 (70, 90)	0.001
Merchant	118 (23.9)	0.904 (0.752,0.966)		80.5 (70.90)
Government employee	45 (9.1)	0.904 (0.694,0.966)		85 (69,90)
Others	251 (50.9)	0.966 (0.815, 0.966)		90 (74, 94)
Monthly income (in ETB)
<1000	140 (28.4)	0.953 (0.815, 0.966)	0.001	89.5 (74, 92)	0.001
1000–2000	236 (47.9)	0.904 (0.756, 0.966)		85 (70, 90)
2001–4000	102 (20.7)	0.917 (0.752,0.966)		86.5 (70,92)
Above 4000	15 (3.0)	0.815 (0.693,0.882)		75 (70,85)

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients Discharged from Treatment Centers in Ethiopia, 2020–2021

Category	N (%)	EQ-5D-5L Index		VAS Score
		Median (IQR)	P-value	Median (IQR)	P-value
Status at admission
Mild	128 (26.0)	0.966 (0.960,0.967)	0.001	94 (90.5, 95)	0.001
Moderate	176 (35.7)	0.940 (0.815,0.966)		87 (75,90)
Severe/Critical	189 (38.3)	0.752 (0.678, 0.815)		70 (65, 75)
Comorbidity
Yes	151 (30.6)	0.752 (0.678, 0.815)	0.001	70 (65, 75)	0.001
No	342 (69.4)	0.966 (0.872, 0.966)		90 (80, 94)
Hypertension
Yes	37 (7.5)	0.752 (0.693,0.815)	0.001	70 (65, 74)	0.001
No	456 (92.5)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		87 (72, 91)
Chronic Cardiac disease
Yes	22 (4.5)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)	0.001	67 (65,72)	0.001
No	471 (95.5)	0.723 (0.678,0.904)		88 (72, 92)
COPD
Yes	37 (7.5)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)	0.001	67 (65, 72)	0.001
No	456 (92.5)	0.693 (0.678, 0.815)		87 (72, 92)
Diabetic Mellitus
Yes	64 (13.0)	0.752 (0.678, 0.815)	0.001	70 (65, 74)	0.001
No	429 (87.0)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		88 (73, 92)
Asthma
Yes	39 (7.9)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)	0.001	88 (72, 92)	0.001
No	454 (92.1)	0.752 (0.678, 0.815)		69 (65, 74)
Malignance
Yes	18 (3.7)	0.746 (0.678, 0.815)	0.001	67 (65, 71)	0.001
No	475 (96.3)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		87 (71, 91)
HIV/AIDS
Yes	19 (3.9)	0.815 (0.693,0.815)	0.001	73 (65, 75)	0.001
No	474 (96.1)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		87 (70, 91)
CKD
Yes	18 (3.7)	0.752 (0.693, 0.815)	0.001	71 (70, 75)	0.001
No	475 (96.3)	0.940 (0.815, 0.966)		87 (70, 91)
Intranasal oxygen use
Yes	365 (74.0)	0.815 (0.752, 0.966)	0.001	75 (70, 89)	0.001
No	128 (26.0)	0.966 (0.965, 0.967)		94 (91, 95)
Place of care
Ward	458 (92.9)	0.940 (0.815,0.966)	0.001	88 (72,91)	0.001
ICU	13 (2.6)	0.678 (0.677,0.752)		68 (65,70)
Both	22 (4.5)	0.693 (0.678,0.815)		67.5 (65,71)
Intubated
Yes	7 (20.0)	0.678 (0.677,0.694	0.153	65 (65,70)	0.500
No	28 (80.0)	0.693 (0.678,0.785)		70 (65,71.5)
Length of stay (in days)
Less than 15 days	236 (47.9)	0.966 (0.904,0.967)	0.001	90 (86,95)	0.001
15 and above days	257 (52.1)	0.815 (0.693, 0.940)		73 (68, 88)

Figure 1 Distribution of the EQ-5D-5L dimensions among Covid-19 patients discharged from 2020–2021 in Ethiopia.

Table 3 Multivariate BetaMix Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with EQ-5D-Index of Covid-19 Survivors Discharged from Treatment Centers in Ethiopia, 2020–2021

Variables	EQ-5D-Index Score			EQ-5D-VAS Score
	Coefficient	95% CI	P-value	Coefficient	95% CI	P-value
Age (in a year)	−0.113	−0.168,−0.0059	0.001	−0.0094	−0.0137, −0.0051	0.001
Sex (Ref: female)	0.0661	−0.0616, 0.1938	0.310	0.0595	−0.0399, 0.1589	0.241
Residence (Ref: Rural)	0.0435	−0.1062,0.1932	0.569	0.0283	−0.0866, 0.1432	0.629
Married (Ref: other)	0.0560	−0.0821,0.1941	0.427	0.0275	−0.1364,0.0814	0.621
Educational status
Primary (1–8) (Ref: non-formal education)	0.0024	−0.1215,0.1263	0.970	0.0046	−0.1013,0.0921	0.926
Secondary and above (Ref: non-formal education)	0.0560	−0.1006,0.2117	0.485	0.0178	−0.1037,0.1393	0.774
Occupational status
Farmer (Ref: others)	−0.0060	−0.2036,0.1916	0.953	−0.0241	−0.1774,0.1293	0.758
Merchant (Ref: others)	−0.0248	−0.1738,0.1243	0.745	−0.0149	−0.1305,0.1007	0.800
Government employee (Ref: others)	0.0079	−0.2018,0.2174	0.942	−0.0066	−0.1697,0.1564	0.936
Monthly income
1000–2000 ETB (Ref: less than 1000 ETB)	−0.0101	−0.1357,0.1155	0.875	0.0023	−0.0944,0.0990	0.963
2001–4000 ETB (Ref: less than 1000 ETB)	−0.0189	−0.1701,0.1323	0.807	0.0394	−0.0785,0.1573	0.513
4000 ETB and Above (Ref: less than 1000 ETB)	−0.2853	−0.5734, 0.0028	0.060	−0.1938	−0.4222, 0.0347	0.096
Hypertension (Ref: No)	−0.0618	−0.2406,0.1171	0.498	−0.0397	−0.1822, 0.1029	0.586
Chronic cardiac disease (Ref: No)	−0.1160	−0.3318,0.0998	0.292	−0.0785	−0.2516, 0.0946	0.374
COPD (Ref: No)	−0.2504	−0.4268,−0.0740	0.005	−0.1774	−0.3196, −0.0352	0.014
Asthma (Ref: No)	−0.2357	−0.4116,−0.0598	0.009	−0.1962	−0.3357, −0.0568	0.001
CKD (Ref: No)	−0.1193	−0.3527,0.1140	0.316	−0.1252	−0.3122, 0.0619	0.190
Diabetes mellitus (Ref: No)	−0.1194	−0.2665,0.0277	0.111	−0.1051	−0.2223, 0.0121	0.079
Malignance (Ref: No)	−0.1864	−0.4327,0.0600	0.138	−0.2136	−0.4057, −0.0215	0.029
HIV/AIDS (Ref: No)	−0.1415	−0.3792,0.0961	0.243	−0.1117	−0.2981, 0.0747	0.240
Status at admission
Moderate (Ref: Mild)	−0.3230	−0.4967,−0.1493	0.001	−0.5855	−0.7196, −0.4513	0.001
Severe (Ref: Mild)	−1.063	−1.2396,−0.8853	0.001	−1.109	−1.249, −0.9691	0.001
Length of stay (in days)	−0.0497	−0.0636,−0.0358	0.001	−0.0339	−0.0450, −0.0228	0.001