Epidemiology of Multidrug Resistant Non-Fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli in Patients with Hospital Acquired Pneumonia: An Alarming Report from Somalia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristic of the Patients

Age (Years)	Frequency(n)	Percentage (%)
<18	8	5
19–40	51	31.9
41–60	49	30.6
>60	52	32.5
Gender
Male	114	71
Female	46	29
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	19	11.9
Diabetes mellitus	13	8.1
Chronic renal failure	60	37.5
Cerebro-vascular diseases	6	3.8
Heart disease	11	6.9
Asthma	9	5.6
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	14	8.8
Sample Type
Sputum	50	31.3
Endotracheal aspiration	110	68.7
Admission site
Inpatient department	69	43.1
Intensive care unit	91	56.9
Outcome
Improved	92	57.5
Death	68	42.5

Abbreviation: N, number of patients.

Table 2 Frequency of Non-Fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli Among Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

Non-Fermenters Gram Negative Bacilli	Sputum n (%)	Endotracheal Aspiration n (%)	Total
Acinetobacter baumannii	21 (22.5%)	72 (77.4%)	93 (58%)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	24 (44%)	31 (56%)	55 (34%)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	5 (42%)	7 (58%)	12 (8%)
Total	50 (31.3%)	110 (68.7%)	160 (100%)

Abbreviation: N, number of patients.

Table 3 Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Among Non-Fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli

Antibiotics	Resistance Rate of Non-Fermenter Gram Negative Bacilli (%)
	Acinetobacter baumannii	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid	100	100	100
Cefoperazone/sulbactam	87	29	91
Piperacillin	100	100	100
Piperacillin/tazobactam	88	15	91
Cefuroxime	100	98	100
Ceftriaxone	100	100	100
Ceftazidime	99	53	100
Cefepime	99	51	100
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	100	100	9
Ciprofloxacin	98	62	9
Levofloxacin	93.5	43	27
Amikacin	59	9	81
Imipenem	92	70	92
Meropenem	93%	60	92
Colistin	2.1	4	91
Tigecycline	4	100	91

Table 4 The Rate of Carbapenem-Resistant Non-Fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli Among Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Patients

Non-Fermenter Gram Negative Bacilli	Resistance Rate Against Carbepenems (%)
	Meropenem	Imipenem
Acinetobacter baumannii	94	92.4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	60	71
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	92	92

Table 5 Relationship Between Multidrug Resistance Pattern and Patient-Related Factors

Age (Years)	MDR		Odd Ratio	95% CI	p value
	Yes	No
<18	5	3	0.973	0.648–1.461	<0.895
19–40	34	17
41–60	36	13
>60	34	18
Sex
Male	75	39	1.418	0.634–3.168	<0.395
Female	34	12
Co-morbidities
With co-morbidities	84	35	1.363	0.601–3.089	<0.458
Without co-morbidities	25	16
Admission site
ICU	70	21	0.402	0.202–0.800	<0.009
Non-ICU	39	30

Note: Variables with Bold numbers indicate statistical significance.

Abbreviations: CI, Confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; MDR, Multidrug resistance.

Figure 1 Mortality rate and its distribution to patient factors.