Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An 11-Year Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data for P. aeruginosa Detection Throughout the 11-Year Study Duration

Year	Total Isolated Organisms	Total P. aeruginosa Isolates	In-Patient	Out-Patient	Male	Female
2011	8082	796 (9.8%)	696 (87.4%)	100 (12.56%)	464 (58.3%)	332 (41.7%)
2012	7241	789 (10.9%)	693 (87.8%)	96 (12.17%)	462 (58.6%)	327 (41.4%)
2013	6294	666 (10.6%)	554 (83.2%)	112 (16.82%)	449 (67.4%)	218 (32.7%)
2014	5217	608 (11.7%)	507 (83.4%)	101 (16.61%)	388 (63.8%)	220 (36.2%)
2015	5163	656 (12.7%)	555 (84.6%)	101 (15.40%)	404 (61.6%)	252 (38.4%)
2016	4722	464 (9.8%)	412 (88.8%)	52 (11.21%)	295 (63.6%)	196 (42.2%)
2017	4376	337 (7.7%)	284 (84.3%)	53 (15.73%)	231 (68.5%)	106 (31.5%)
2018	4980	350 (7%)	269 (76.9%)	81 (23.14%)	197 (56.3%)	153 (43.7%)
2019	4835	379 (7.8%)	309 (81.5%)	70 (18.47%)	214 (56.5%)	165 (43.5%)
2020	4029	174 (4.3%)	130 (74.7%)	44 (25.29%)	101 (58.0%)	73 (42.0%)
2021	6090	315 (5.2%)	235 (74.6%)	80 (25.40%)	201 (63.8%)	114 (36.2%)

Figure 1 Proportions of the various sample types from which P. aeruginosa was isolated over the 11-year study duration.

Figure 2 Distribution of P. aeruginosa isolates according to sample origin over the 11-year study duration.

Table 2 Distribution of P. aeruginosa Isolates According to Sample Origin with Respect to Year

Specimen Quantitative Values of Isolates (%)		Years
		2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Sputum	P. aeruginosa isolates	293	298	233	219	237	160	102	101	99	29	70
	Total isolates	1868	1701	1417	1173	1086	912	778	842	785	803	897
	% of P. aeruginosa	15.7%	17.5%	16.4%	18.7%	21.8%	17.5%	13.1%	12.0%	12.6%	3.6%	7.8%
Blood	P. aeruginosa isolates	35	31	43	25	30	25	22	18	46	23	29
	Total isolates	1107	1094	1075	975	1015	972	1086	1083	1208	1075	2038
	% of P. aeruginosa	3.2%	2.8%	4.0%	2.6%	3.0%	2.6%	2.0%	1.7%	3.8%	2.1%	1.4%
Tip and catheter	P. aeruginosa isolates	10	13	5	5	5	5	6	3	5	1	5
	Total isolates	149	179	117	78	58	76	67	54	45	40	65
	% of P. aeruginosa	6.7%	7.3%	4.3%	6.4%	8.6%	6.6%	9.0%	5.6%	11.1%	2.5%	7.7%
Wound	P. aeruginosa isolates	239	286	225	252	279	194	145	159	166	97	147
	Total isolates	1827	1725	1615	1858	1667	1311	1096	1200	1400	899	1372
	% of P. aeruginosa	13.1%	16.6%	13.9%	13.6%	16.7%	14.8%	13.2%	13.3%	11.9%	10.8%	10.7%
Urine	P. aeruginosa isolates	96	77	68	25	45	40	26	33	29	12	28
	Total isolates	1629	1288	1050	523	674	774	417	918	759	565	948
	% of P. aeruginosa	5.9%	6.0%	6.5%	4.8%	6.7%	5.2%	6.2%	3.6%	3.8%	2.1%	3.0%
Miscellaneous	P. aeruginosa isolates	123	84	92	82	60	40	36	36	34	12	36
	Total isolates	1502	1254	1020	610	663	677	932	883	638	647	770
	% of P. aeruginosa	8.2%	6.7%	9.0%	13.4%	9.0%	5.9%	3.9%	4.1%	5.3%	1.9%	4.7%

Figure 3 Average rates of resistance for the antibiotics tested amongst isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Figure 4 Average rates of resistance for the antibiotics tested with respect to in-patient or out-patient sample source.

Figure 5 Schematic demonstrating the evolution of resistance to anti-microbial agents over the study period, 2011–2021.

Figure 6 Antibiotic resistance rates of P. aeruginosa recognized during the initial (2011 and 2012) and final (2020 and 2021) two years of the study.