Incidence Pattern, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors of Bacterial Uropathogens Among General Population of Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk Factors Associated with UTI Among Population of Swabi, Pakistan (n = 459)

Risk Factors	Negative	Positive	χ^2	p-value	Odds Ratio	95% CI
	n (%)	n (%)				Lower	Upper
Sex
Male	51(34.2)	98(65.8)	0.39	0.84	0.96	0.63	1.44
Female	109(35.2)	201(64.8)
Age
<25	38(38.0)	62(62.0)	13.1	0.01
26 to 35	43(36.4)	75(63.6)
36 to 45	33(44.6)	41(55.4)
46 to 55	27(37.5)	45(62.5)
> 55	19(20.0)	76(80.0)
Marital Status
Unmarried	64(43.2)	123(65.8)	0.56	0.81	0.95	0.64	1.41
Married	96(35.3)	176(64.7)
Monthly Income
<20,000	39(39.8)	59(60.2)	8.72	0.03
20,000 to 40,000	83(37.6)	138(62.4)
41,000 to 60,000	32(31.7)	69(68.3)
>60,000	6(15.4)	33(84.6)
History of UTI
No	107(37.2)	181(62.8)	1.79	0.18	1.36	0.88	1.96
Yes	53(31)	118(69.0)
History of Catheterization
No	126(36)	224(64)	0.84	0.35	1.24	0.78	1.96
Yes	34(31.2)	75(68.8)
Hospitalization in past
No	71(30.1)	165(69.9)	4.87	0.02	0.68	0.44	0.95
Yes	89(39.9)	134(60.1)
Treated for Bladder or Kidney infection
No	102(34.9)	190(65.1)	0.002	0.96	1.00	0.67	1.5
Yes	58(34.7)	109(65.3)
Do you follow hygienic measures
No	60(33.1)	121(66.9)	0.38	0.53	0.83	0.59	1.31
Yes	100(36.0)	178(64.0)
Daily water consumption
0.5–1L/Day	103(33.6)	204(66.4)	0.69	0.40	0.84	0.56	1.26
> 1L/Day	57(37.5)	95(62.5)

Table 2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Negative Isolates Among Population of Swabi, Pakistan

Antibiotics	Escherichia coli			Klebsiella pneumoniae			Pseudomonas aeruginosa			Proteus mirabilis
	S	I	R	S	I	R	S	I	R	S	I	R
Amikacin	59(40.4)	63(43.2)	24(16.4)	10(40)	7(28)	8(32)	15(39.4)	12(31.5)	11(28.9)	8(38.1)	6(28.66)	7(33.33)
Ampicillin	0(0.0)	20(13.7)	126(86.3)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	25(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	38(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	21(100)
Amoxicillin clavulanate	27(18.5)	56(38.4)	63(43.2)	0(0.0)	6(24)	19(76)	0(0.0)	8(21)	30(78.9)	5(23.8)	10(47.62)	6(28.57)
Aztreonam	64(43.8)	28(19.2)	56(38.4)	9(36)	7(28)	9(36)	16(42.1)	10(26.3)	12(31.5)	4(19.05)	4(19.05)	13(61.9)
Ceftriaxone	57(39.0)	25(17.1)	64(43.8)	8(32)	0(0.0)	17(68)	16(42.1)	0(0.0)	22(57.8)	11(52.38)	0(0.0)	10(47.62)
Cefixime	29(19.8)	47(32.2)	70(47.9)	5(20)	6(24)	14(56)	6(15.7)	8(21)	24(63.1)	6(28.57)	5(23.81)	10(47.62)
Ceftazidime	36(24.7)	44(30.1)	66(45.2)	6(24)	8(32)	11(44)	15(39.4)	8(21)	15(39.4)	12(57.1)	5(23.81)	4(19.05)
Ciprofloxacin	66(45.2)	14(9.6)	66(45.2)	10(40)	8(32)	7(28)	12(31.5)	8(21)	18(47.3)	6(28.57)	0(0.0)	18(85.7)
Cefoxitin	65(44.5)	29(19.9)	52(35.6)	17(68)	8(32)	0(0.0)	18(47.3)	9(23.6)	11(28.9)	21(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)
Imipenem	76(52.1)	44(30.1)	26(17.8)	22(88)	3(12)	0(0.0)	26(68.4)	0(0.0)	12(31.5)	21(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)
Levofloxacin	69(47.3)	27(18.5)	50(34.2)	18(32)	0(0.0)	7(28)	16(42.1)	12(31.5)	10(26.3)	6(28.57)	4(19.1)	11(52.38)
Moxifloxacin	66(45.2)	28(19.2)	52(35.6)	9(36)	7(28)	9(36)	16(42.1)	0(0.0)	22(57.8)	6(28.6)	0(0.0)	15(71.43)
Nitrofurantoin	0(0.0)	26(17.8)	120(82.2)	12(48)	0(0.0)	13(52)	16(42.1)	0(0.0)	22(57.8)	21(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)
Norfloxacin	56(38.4)	34(23.3)	56(38.4)	17(68)	0(0.0)	8(32)	25(65.7)	0(0.0)	13(34.2)	6(28.6)	0(0.0)	18(85.7)
Cefoperazone	86(58.9)	42(28.8)	18(12.3)	20(80)	5(20)	0(0.0)	38(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	21(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)
Piperacillin-tazobactam	73(50)	44(30.1)	29(19.9)	19(76)	0(0.0)	6(24)	22(57.8)	8(21)	8(21)	15(71.4)	6(28.57)	0(0.0)
Tigecycline	73(50)	26(17.8)	47(32.2)	10(40)	15(60)	0(0.0)	16(42.1)	8(21)	14(36.8)	21(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)

Table 3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Positive Isolates Among General Population of Swabi, Pakistan

Antibiotics	Staphylococcus aureus			Staphylococcus saprophyticus
	S	I	R	S	I	R
Amoxicillin	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	52(100)	16(94.1)	1(5.8)	0(0.0)
Amoxicillin-clavulanate	10(19.2)	10(19.2)	32(61.5)	12(70.5)	5(29.4)	0(0.0)
Cefixime	26(50.0)	6(11.5)	20(38.4)	8(47.0)	5(29.4)	4(23.5)
Cefoxitin	15(28.8)	9(17.3)	28(53.8)	9(52.9)	4(23.5)	4(23.5)
Ceftriaxone	8(15.3)	8(15.3)	36(69.2)	8(47.0)	7(41.0)	1(5.8)
Chloramphenicol	22(42.3)	22(42.3)	8(15.3)	8(47.0)	7(41.1)	2(11.7)
Clindamycin	26(50.0)	6(11.5)	20(38.4)	11(64.7)	5(29.4)	1(5.88)
Doxycycline	23(44.2)	5(9.6)	25(48)	4(23.5)	4(23.5)	9(52.9)
Erythromycin	8(15.3)	0(0.0)	46(88.4)	10(58.8)	5(29.4)	2(17.7)
Fosfomycin	33(63.4)	9(17.3)	10(19.2)	12(70.5)	3(17.6)	2(11.7)
Gentamicin	26(50.0)	13(25.0)	13(25)	7(41.1)	5(29.4)	5(29.4)
Imipenem	29(55.7)	5(9.6)	18(34.6)	9(52.9)	4(23.5)	4(23.5)
Levofloxacin	8(40.3)	8(5.9)	36(50)	11(64.7)	3(17.6)	3(17.6)
Linezolid	52(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	17(100)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)
Penicillin	10(19.2)	4(7.6)	38(73)	2(11.7)	1(5.8)	14(82.3)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	25(48.0)	6(11.5)	20(38.4)	15(88.2)	1(5.8)	1(5.8)
Cefoperazone	32(61.5)	13(25.0)	7(13.4)	5(29.4)	0(0.0)	12(70.5)
Piperacillin-tazobactam	40(76.9)	12(23.0)	0(0.0)	12(70.5)	5(29.4)	0(0.0)
Vancomycin	46(88.4)	0(0.0)	8(15.3)	10(53.8)	6(35.2)	1(5.8)

Table 4 Clinical Features Associated with the Occurrence of UTI Among Population of Swabi, Pakistan (n = 459)

Clinical Features	Negative	Positive	χ^2	p-value	Odds Ratio	95% CI
	n (%)	n (%)				Lower	Upper
Polyuria
No	44(42.1)	66(57.9)	3.50	0.06	1.51	0.98	2.33
Yes	112(32.5)	233(67.5)
Dysuria
No	25(46.3)	29(53.7)	3.50	0.06	1.72	0.97	3.05
Yes	135(33.3)	270(66.7)
Hematuria
No	104(34.8)	195(65.2)	0.02	0.96	0.99	0.66	1.48
Yes	56(35.0)	104(65.0)
Nocturia
No	59(38.8)	93(61.2)	1.56	0.21	1.29	0.86	1.93
Yes	101(32.9)	206(67.1)
Urinary retention
No	63(36.6)	109(63.4)	0.37	0.53	1.13	0.76	1.68
Yes	97(33.8)	190(66.2)
Low back pain
No	62(37.1)	105(62.9)	0.59	0.44	1.16	0.78	1.73
Yes	98(33.6)	194(66.4)
Urgency of urination
No	69(37.3)	116(62.7)	0.81	0.36	1.19	0.81	1.76
Yes	91(33.2)	183(66.8)
Fever
No	23(30.7)	52(69.3)	0.69	0.40	0.79	0.46	1.35
Yes	137(35.7)	247(64.3)
Itching
No	92(33.9)	179(66.1)	0.24	0.62	0.97	0.61	1.33
Yes	68(36.2)	120(63.6)
Hypertension
No	117(34.7)	220(65.3)	0.11	0.91	0.97	0.63	1.50
Yes	43(35.2)	79(64.8)
Diabetes mellitus
No	116(38.7)	184(61.3)	5.53	0.02	1.6	1.08	2.50
Yes	44(27.7)	115(72.3)