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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Drug Resistance Profile Among HIV-1 Infections Experiencing ART with Low-Level Viral Load in Guangdong China During 2011–2022: A Retrospective Study

, , , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 4953-4964 | Received 02 May 2023, Accepted 27 Jul 2023, Published online: 31 Jul 2023

Figures & data

Table 1 Factors Associated with Drug Resistance in Low-Level Viral Load HIV-1 Infections in Guangdong Province, China (N = 2074)

Figure 1 Distribution characteristics of HIV-1 genotypes in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, different colors present different genotypes, as shown in the legend. (A) Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis of the genotypes. Blue branch representing the reference sequences including nine subtypes (A–D, F–H, J and K), CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF55_01B, and CRF59_01B. Black branch representing sequences classified as CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF55_01B, and Subtype B. And red branch represents sequences classified as “other” genotypes. (B) Pie chart representing the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections with available sequences from 2011 to 2022. (C) Proportion of various genotypes of HIV-1 circulating throughout the study period, from 2011 to 2022.

Figure 1 Distribution characteristics of HIV-1 genotypes in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, different colors present different genotypes, as shown in the legend. (A) Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis of the genotypes. Blue branch representing the reference sequences including nine subtypes (A–D, F–H, J and K), CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF55_01B, and CRF59_01B. Black branch representing sequences classified as CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF55_01B, and Subtype B. And red branch represents sequences classified as “other” genotypes. (B) Pie chart representing the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections with available sequences from 2011 to 2022. (C) Proportion of various genotypes of HIV-1 circulating throughout the study period, from 2011 to 2022.

Figure 2 Distribution and percentage of DRMs in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, China. (A) percentage of DRMs for any drug or a kind of drugs (PI, NRTI, and NNRTI); (B) Specific DRMs stratified by PI; (C) Specific DRMs stratified by NRTI; (D) Specific DRMs stratified by NNRTI.

Abbreviations: PI, protease inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Figure 2 Distribution and percentage of DRMs in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, China. (A) percentage of DRMs for any drug or a kind of drugs (PI, NRTI, and NNRTI); (B) Specific DRMs stratified by PI; (C) Specific DRMs stratified by NRTI; (D) Specific DRMs stratified by NNRTI.

Table 2 Frequency of Different Drug Resistance Types in 976 Drug Resistance Low-Level Viral Load HIV-1 Infections in Guangdong Province, China

Figure 3 Drug resistance in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, China. (A) Stratified by VL groups and drug classes throughout the study period, from 2011 to 2022. (B) Different drug resistance levels of three classes of antiretroviral drugs predicted by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database.

Abbreviations: ATV, atazanavir; DRV, darunavir; FPV, fosamprenavir; IDV, indinavir; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir; NFV, nelfinavir; SQV, saquinavir; TPV, tipranavir; ABC, abacavir; AZT, azidothymidine; D4T, stavudine; DDI, didanosine; FTC, emtricitabine; 3TC, lamivudine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; DOR, doravirine; EFV, efavirenz; ETV, etravirine; NVP, nevirapine; RPV, rilpivirine.
Figure 3 Drug resistance in low-level viral load HIV-1 infections in Guangdong, China. (A) Stratified by VL groups and drug classes throughout the study period, from 2011 to 2022. (B) Different drug resistance levels of three classes of antiretroviral drugs predicted by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database.