Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses and Their Associated Factors Among Military Personnel at Military Camps in Central Gondar, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Related Variables of Military Personnel with HBV and HCV Infections at Military Camps in Central Gondar, Ethiopia (n = 277)

Variables		Frequency	HBV (+)	HCV (+)
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Sex	Male	203 (73.3)	14 (6.9)	8 (3.9)
	Female	74 (26.7)	5 (6.8)	1 (1.4)
Age in years	≤ 29	186 (67.2)	11 (5.9)	5 (2.7)
	30–39	57 (20.6)	4 (7.0)	2 (3.5)
	≥ 40	34 (12.3)	4 (11.8)	2 (5.9)
Marital status	Single	119 (43.0)	7 (5.9)	2 (1.7)
	Married	99 (35.7)	7 (7.1)	4 (4.0)
	Divorced	45 (16.3)	4 (8.9)	2 (4.4)
	Widowed	14 (5.1)	1 (7.2)	1 (7.1)
Residence	Urban	156 (56.3)	12 (7.7)	7 (4.5)
	Rural	121 (43.7)	7 (5.8)	2 (1.7)
Educational status	Unable to read and write	10 (3.6)	1 (10)	1 (10.0)
	Primary school	139 (50.5)	9 (6.5)	3 (2.2)
	Secondary school	106 (38.3)	7 (6.6)	4 (3.8)
	College and above	22 (7.9)	2 (9.1)	1 (4.5)
Work experience (years)	<10	246 (88.8)	13 (5.3)	8 (3.3)
	≥10	31 (11.2)	6 (19.4)	1 (3.2)
Family history of liver disease	No	221 (79.8)	15 (6.8)	6 (2.7)
	Yes	56 (20.2)	4 (7.4)	3 (5.4)
Hospitalization	No	225 (81.2)	9 (4.0)	6 (2.7)
	Yes	52 (18.8)	10 (19.2)	3 (5.8)
History of HBV infection	No	252 (91.0)	16 (6.3)
	Yes	25 (9.0)	3 (12.0)
History of HCV infection	No	254 (91.7)		5 (2.0)
	Yes	23 (8.3)		4 (17.4)
War related injury	No	230 (83.0)	15 (6.5)	6 (2.6)
	Yes	47 (17.0)	4 (8.5)	3 (6.4)
Dental extraction	No	192 (69.3)	12 (6.3)	3 (1.6)
	Yes	85 (30.7)	7 (8.2)	6 (7.1)
Surgical history	No	219 (79.1)	14 (6.4)	6 (2.7)
	Yes	58 (20.9)	5 (8.6)	3 (5.2)
History of blood transfusion	No	199 (71.8)	11 (5.5)	2 (1.0)
	Yes	78 (28.2)	8 (10.3)	7 (9.0)
History of body fluid contact	No	204 (73.7)	13 (6.4)	6 (2.9)
	Yes	73 (26.4)	6 (8.2)	3 (4.1)
STI	No	216 (78.0)	12 (5.6)	2 (0.9)
	Yes	61 (22.0)	7 (11.5)	7 (11.5)
Cigarette smoking	Past smoker	25 (9.0)	3 (12.0)	2 (8.0)
	Never smoker	173 (62.5)	10 (5.8)	5 (2.9)
	Current smoker	79 (28.5)	6 (7.6)	2 (2.5)
History of drug user	No	264 (95.3)	18 (6.5)	8 (2.9)
	Yes	13 (4.69)	1 (7.7)	1 (7.7)
Alcohol use	No	129 (46.6)	2 (1.6)	3 (2.3)
	Yes	148 (53.4)	17 (11.5)	6 (4.1)
Tattooing	No	167 (60.3)	12 (7.2)	5 (3.0)
	Yes	110 (39.7)	7 (6.4)	4 (3.6)
Number of sexual partner	1	88 (31.8)	2 (2.3)	4 (4.5)
	≥ 2	133 (48.0)	16 (12.0)	4 (3.0)
	0	56 (20.2)	1 (1.8)	1 (1.8)
Nose piercing	No	258 (93.1)	18 (7.0)	8 (3.1)
	Yes	19 (6.9)	1 (5.3)	1 (5.3)
Ear piercing	No	203 (73.3)	14 (6.9)	8 (3.9)
	Yes	74 (26.7)	5 (6.8)	1 (1.4)
Sharing sharp materials in camps	No	184 (66.4)	13 (7.1)	7 (3.8)
	Yes	93 (33.6)	6 (6.5)	2 (2.2)
Received injection from traditional practitioner	No	254 (91.7)	15 (5.9)	8 (3.1)
	Yes	23 (8.3)	4 (17.4)	1 (4.3)
Consist use of condom	No	115 (41.5)	10 (8.7)	4 (3.5)
	Yes	162 (58.5)	9 (5.6)	5 (3.1)

Abbreviations: HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; HCV, Hepatitis C Virus; STI, Sexually Transmitted Infection; N, Number.

Table 2 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with HBV Infection Among Military Personnel at Military Camps in Central Gondar, Ethiopia (n = 277)

Variables		HBV (+)	HBV (-)	COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
		N (%)	N (%)
Work experience in years	< 10	13 (5.3)	233 (94.7)	1		1
	≥ 10	6 (19.4)	25 (80.6)	4.3 (1.5–12.3)	0.007	3.11 (0.91–0.8)	0.072
Hospitalization	No	9 (4.0)	216 (96.0)	1		1
	Yes	10 (19.)	42 (80.8)	5.71 (2.18–14.9)	0.000	3.78 (1.31–10.9)	0.014*
History of blood transfusion	No	11 (5.5)	188 (94.5)	1		1
	Yes	8 (10.3)	70 (89.7)	1.95 (0.75–5.1)	0.168	1.43 (0.44–4.7)	0.549
History of STI	No	12 (63.2)	204 (79.1)	1		1
	Yes	7 (36.8)	54 (20.9)	2.2 (0.83–5.9)	0.114	0.94 (0.28–3.2)	0.925
Alcohol use	No	2 (1.6)	127 (98.4)	1		1
	Yes	17 (11.5)	131 (88.5)	8.24 (1.86–36.4)	0.005	5.35 (1.13–25.4)	0.034*
Number of sexual partner	1	2 (2.3)	86 (97.7)	1.28 (0.11–14.4)	0.842	1
	≥ 2	16 (12.0)	117 (88.0)	7.52 (0.97–58.2)	0.053	5.55 (1.01–28.3)	0.048*
	0	1 (1.8)	55 (98.2)	1
Received injection from traditional practitioner	No	15 (5.9)	239 (94.1)	1		1
	Yes	4 (17.4)	19 (82.6)	3.35 (1.01–11.1)	0.048	4.34 (1.1–17.8)	0.040*

Note: *Statistically Significant.

Abbreviations: COR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; STI, Sexually Transmitted Infection; N, Number.

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with HCV Infection Among Military Personnel at Military Camps in Central Gondar, Ethiopia (n = 277)

Variables		HCV (+)	HCV (-)	COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
		N (%)	N (%)
Past history of HCV Infection	No	5 (2.0)	249 (98.0)	1		1
	Yes	4 (17.4)	19 (82.6)	10.5 (2.6–42.3)	0.001	4.9 (0.99–24.2)	0.052
War related injury	No	6 (2.6)	224 (97.4)	1		1
	Yes	3 (6.4)	44 (93.6)	2.55 (0.6–10.7)	0.198	0.28 (0.05–1.6)	0.158
Dental extraction	No	3 (1.6)	189 (98.4)	1		1
	Yes	6 (7.1)	79 (92.9)	4.78 (1.2–19.6)	0.030	3.3 (0.69–16.2)	0.134
History of blood transfusion	No	2 (1.0)	197 (99.0)	1		1
	Yes	7 (9.0)	71 (91.0)	9.7 (1.97–47.8)	0.005	5.9 (1.02–33.8)	0.048*
Past history of STI	No	2 (0.9)	214 (99.1)	1
	Yes	7 (11.5)	54 (88.5)	13.87 (2.868.7)	0.001	6.6 (1.1–39.9)	0.039*

Note: *Statistically Significant.

Abbreviations: AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; COR, Crude Odds Ratio; HCV, Hepatitis C Virus; STI, Sexually Transmitted Infection; N, Number.