Risk factors for infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a county of Southern Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1 Results of a survey of different risk factors of developing an infection with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, including for ESBL-positive versus ESBL-negative cases

Covariate	All	ESBL-positive	ESBL-negative	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Response rate, n (%)	111/218 (51%)	58/109 (53%)	53/109 (49%)
Demographic characteristics
Median age, years	65	65	65
Range, years	2–95	2–95	2–95
Female gender, n (%)	85 (77)	45 (77)	40 (75)
Occupation
Health care	14	7	7		>0.3
Restaurant	3	2	1		>0.3
Office	13	6	7		>0.3
Kindergarten/school	10	8	2	4 (0.8–20.2)	0.0970
Comorbidity disease
Gastrointestinal	12	6	6		>0.3
Ear nose and throat	5	3	2		>0.3
Urinary tract (including renal disease)	31	18	13		>0.3
Heart	22	13	9		>0.3
Liver	2	2	0		>0.3
Lung	11	7	4		>0.3
Diabetes	10	6	4		>0.3
Cancer	7	4	3		>0.3
Miscellaneous	15	8	7		>0.3
Endoscopy	49	29	20	1.65 (0.8–3.5)	0.25
Urinary tract catheter (including chronic)	29	16	13		>0.3
Recurrent UTI	41	23	18		>0.3
Antiulcer medication (eg, omeprazole)	42	24	18		>0.3
Staying at nursery home	5	4	1
Hospital stay in previous year	49	31	18	2.2 (1.0–4.8)	0.04
Medical department	20	12	8		>0.3
Surgical department	17	14	3	5.3 (1.4–19.7)	0.01
Department of infectious diseases	11	7	4		>0.3
ICU	2	0	2		>0.3
Length of stay at hospital
<1 week	26	18	8	2.5 (1.0–6.4)	0.07
>1 week and <4 weeks	16	6	10		>0.3
>4 weeks	8	8	0		0.01
Antibiotic treatment in previous year	62	37	25	2.0 (0.9–4.2)	0.09
Treatment with quinolones	5	5	0		0.06
Foreign travel
High-risk areas (Middle East and Asia)	18	14	4	3.9 (1.2–12.7)	0.02
Europe	32	16	16		>0.3
Both Europe and others	9	6	3		>0.3
Miscellaneous	4	1	3		>0.3
Travelers’ diarrhea	10	7	3	2.3 (0.56–9.3)	>0.3
Adequate information, n (%)			22/56 (39)

Abbreviations: ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; UTI, urinary tract infection.