The determinants of the antibiotic resistance process

Figures & data

Table 1 Development of new antibiotics during the last three decades

Antibiotic agent, brand and active and principal names	Antibiotic class	Antimicrobial activity	Country and date of approval
Quinupristin and dalfopristin (Synercid^®) I.V.	Streptogramins	Infections associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia	US, September 21, 1999.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation37,Citation38
Dalbavancin, telavancin, oritavancin	Second-generation glycopeptides	Bactericidal activity against MRSA, VRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae	US, phase II, 2009.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation38^–^Citation40
Daptomycin (Cubicin^®) I.V.	Cyclic lipopeptide (new class of antibiotic)	Bactericidal activity against Gram-positive S. aureus, MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis including methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes	US, December 9, 2003.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation42
Tigecycline (Tygacil^®) I.V.	Glycylcycline similar to the tetracyclines	Bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and atypical anaerobic bacteria, and antibiotic-resistant, MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae	US, June, 2005.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation43,Citation44
Linezolid (Zyvox^®) Oral and parenteral forms	Oxazolidinone	Bacteriostatic activity against enterococci and staphylococci, bactericidal activity against many drug-resistant streptococci, S. pneumoniae and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria	US, April 18, 2000.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation36,Citation45
Telithromycin (Ketek^®)	Erythromycin derivative	The FDA announced changes, including the removal of two of the three previously approved indications – acute bacterial sinusitis and acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ketek is now indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumoniae (of mild to moderate severity) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, (including multi-drug resistant isolates), Haemophilus influenzae, Moxarella catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae	US, April 01, 2004.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation36,Citation38,Citation46 Last published revision: February 12, 2007
Ertapenem (Invanz^®) I.V. ^a and intramuscular	Carbapenem	Activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but shows only limited activity against Enterococcus aspp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other nonfermenting Gram-positive bacteria	US, November 21, 2001.^Citation33,Citation47
Doripenem (Doribax^®) I.V. ^a	Carbapenem	Bactericidal activity, for the treatment of complicated urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections	US, October 12, 2007.^Citation33,Citation48
Faropenem Oral	Carbapenem	It was developed for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and later for uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. It was shown to be active against penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and β-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis	Not yet FDA approved, 2008.^Citation41,Citation49
Ceftobiprole (Zeftera^®)	Cephalosporine	Bactericidal activity is mainly active against Gram-positive pathogens. For the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by MRSA^b, enterococci and S. pneumoniae	US, phase III, 2009.^Citation33,Citation35,Citation40
Iclaprim	Diaminopyrimidine New antibiotic	It has demonstrated in vitro activity against S. aureus, including MRSA^b. Iclaprim was also active against one strain of VRSA^c	US, phase III, 2009.^Citation39^–^Citation41

Abbreviations: IV, intravenous presentation; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus;VRSA, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus.

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