Gold mining areas in Suriname: reservoirs of malaria resistance?

Figures & data

Figure 1 Map of sampling sites in Suriname. The locations of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in mining sites are represented as red circles, whereas locations in villages are shown as green circles. The size of each circle corresponds to the number of samples collected from that location. The geographical location (latitude/longitude) of four samples in the study could not be specified based on the patient travel history.

Table 1 Comparison of mutation frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the pfdhfr, pfmdr1, pfcrt, and pfATP6 genes associated with drug-resistance between samples collected from Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients working/living in mining areas and villagers (nonminers)

Gene and positions	% mutation in miners	% mutation in villagers
pfdhfr
A16V	0% (n=27)	0% (n=30)a
N51I	100% (n=27)	100% (n=30)a
C59R	0% (n=26)	0% (n=30)a
S108N	100% (n=28)	100% (n=30)a
I164L	0% (n=27)	0% (n=30)a
pfmdr1
N86Y	0% (n=27)	0% (n=40)b
Y184F	100% (n=27)	100% (n=40)b
S1034C	96% (n=26)	95% (n=40)b
N1042D	100% (n=28)	100% (n=40)b
D1246Y	100% (n=28)	100% (n=40)b
pfcrt
K76T	100% (n=28)	100% (n=40)b
pfATP6
L263E	0% (n=28)	0% (n=24)c
A623E	0% (n=27)	0% (n=24)c
S769N	0% (n=27)	0% (n=24)c

Notes:

a Isolates from 2002 (unpublished data);

b isolates from 2005–2006 (data from Adhin et al¹⁹);

c isolates from 2002–2006 (data from Adhin et al¹³). The letters are abbreviations for different amino acids in the pfdhfr, pfmdr1, and pfcrt gene products. n represents the number of successfully amplified samples for the respective position in each study.

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