Undernutrition and associated factors among 24–36-month-old children in slum areas of Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of children and their parents in the slum areas of Bahir Dar city; Ethiopia, May 2015

Variables	Frequency (n=471)	Percentage
Sex of the child
Male	248	52.7
Female	223	47.3
Religion
Orthodox	398	84.5
Protestant	21	4.5
Muslim	52	11
Ethnicity
Amhara	427	90.7
Othersa	44	9.3
Educational status of the mother
Have no formal education	154	32.7
Primary education	129	27.4
Secondary education	130	27.6
College and above	58	12.3
Occupational status of the mother
Housewife	225+	47.8
Daily laborer	147	31.2
Government employee	58	12.3
Petty trader	26	5.5
Private employee	15	3.2
Marital status of the mother
Married	404	85.8
Never married	48	10.2
Widowed	12	2.5
Divorced	7	1.5
Child’s mother works outside the house
Yes	246	52.2
No	225	47.8
Hours the mother spent outside home to work (hours)	72	15.3
<8	104	22.1
8	70	14.9
>8	225	47.8
Not applicable
The child currently lives with
Both parents	400	84.9
His mother only	71	15.1
Number of children <3 years old in the household
One	416	88.3
Two	55	11.7
Decision maker on use of money
Both parents	276	58.6
The father	112	23.8
The mother	83	17.6
Educational status of the father
Has no formal education	101	21.4
Primary education	110	23.4
Secondary education	184	39.1
College and above	76	16.1
Occupational status of the father
Daily laborer	218	46.3
Government employee	101	21.4
Merchant	64	13.6
Driver	45	9.6
Private employee	43	9.1
Family size
≤4	305	64.8
>4	166	35.2

Note:

a Agew, Tigry, and Oromo.

Table 2 Nutritional status of children in slum areas of Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia, May 2015 (n=471)

Variables	Male	Female	Total	Confidence level
Stunted
Yes	109 (44.0)	89 (40.0)	198 (42.0)	(37.8, 46.5)
No	139 (56.0)	134 (60.0)	273 (58.0)	(53.5, 62.2)
Severely stunted
Yes	51 (20.6)	26 (11.7)	77 (16.3)	(13.2, 19.7)
No	197 (79.4)	197 (88.3)	394 (83.7)	(80.3, 86.8)
Underweight
Yes	61 (24.6)	43 (19.3)	104 (22.1)	(18.1, 26.1)
No	187 (75.4)	180 (80.7)	367 (77.9)	(73.8, 81.9)
Severely underweight
Yes	13 (5.2)	5 (2.2)	18 (3.8)	(2.1, 5.7)
No	235 (94.8)	218 (97.8)	453 (96.2)	(94.3, 97.9)
Wasted
Yes	17 (6.9)	13 (5.8)	30 (6.4)	(4.2, 8.7)
No	231 (93.1)	210 (94.2)	441 (93.6)	(91.3, 95.8)
Severely wasted
Yes	5 (2.0)	1 (0.4)	6 (1.3)	(0.4, 2.3)
No	243 (98.0)	222 (99.6)	465 (98.7)	(97.7, 99.6)

Table 3 Factors associated with stunting in slum areas of Bahir Dar city; Ethiopia, May 2015

Factors	Stunted		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Yes	No
Marital status of the mother
Married	161 (34.2)	243 (51.6)	1.00
Widowed/divorced/never married	37 (7.8)	30 (6.4)	1.8 (1.1, 3.1)
Occupational status of the mother
Housewife	93 (19.8)	132 (20.0)	1.6 (0.9, 2.6)
Daily laborer	75 (15.9)	72 (15.3)	2.3 (1.4, 4.0)
G/P. employee and petty trader	30 (6.4)	69 (14.6)	1.00
Educational status of the mother
Has no formal education	75 (15.9)	79 (16.8)	1.9 (1.2, 3.0)
Primary education	62 (13.1)	67 (14.2)	1.9 (1.2, 3.0)
Secondary and above education	61 (13.0)	127 (27.0)	1.00
Possession of television
Yes	108 (22.9)	189 (40.1)	1.8 (1.2, 2.7)
No	90 (19.1)	84 (17.9)	1.00
Possession of radio
Yes	67 (14.2)	126 (26.8)	1.6 (1.1, 2.4)
No	131 (27.8)	147 (31.2)	1.00
The child lives with
Both parents	161 (34.2)	239 (50.7)	1.00
The mother only	37 (7.9)	34 (7.2)	1.6 (0.9, 2.6)
Illness in the past 2 weeks
Yes	36 (7.6)	20 (4.2)	2.8 (1.5, 5.0)	2.6 (1.4, 4.9)
No	162 (34.4)	253 (53.7)	1.00	1.00
Number of children <3 years old in the household
One	165 (35.0)	251 (53.3)	1.00	1.00
Two	33 (7.0)	22 (4.7)	2.2 (1.2, 4.0)	1.8 (1.0, 3.4)
Decision maker on use of money
Both parents jointly	89 (19.0)	187 (39.7)	1.00	1.00
The father only	65 (13.8)	47 (10.0)	2.9 (1.8, 4.5)	2.1 (1.2, 3.4)
The mother only	44 (9.3)	39 (8.2)	2.3 (1.4, 3.9)	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)
Educational status of the father
Has no formal education	54 (11.5)	47 (10.0)	3.0 (1.5, 5.6)
Primary education	47 (10.0)	63 (13.3)	1.9 (1.0, 3.6)
Secondary education	76 (16.1)	108 (22.9)	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)
More than secondary education	21 (4.5)	55 (11.7)	1.00
Give prelacteal feeding
Yes	32	17	2.9 (1.5, 5.3)	2.3 (1.1, 4.6)
No	166	256	1.00	1.00
Initiation of complementary food
Before 6 months	55 (11.7)	45 (9.6)	2.22 (1.4, 3.5)	2.1 (1.2, 3.4)
After 6 months	31 (6.6)	24 (5.0)	2.35 (1.3, 4.2)	1.8 (1.0, 3.5)
At 6 months	112 (23.8)	204 (43.3)	1.00	1.00

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; G/P, government/private employee.

Table 4 Factors associated with underweight in slum areas of Bahir Dar city; Ethiopia, May 2015

Factors	Underweight		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Yes	No
Religion
Orthodox	81 (17.2)	317 (67.3)	1.00
Muslim and Protestant	23 (4.9)	50 (10.6)	1.8 (1.0, 3.1)
Possession of television
Yes	48 (10.2)	126 (26.8)	1.6 (1.0, 2.5)
No	56 (11.9)	241 (51.2)	1.00
Illness in the past 2 weeks
Yes	24 (5.1)	32 (6.8)	3.1 (1.7, 5.6)	3.1 (1.6, 6.2)
No	80 (17.0)	335 (71.1)	1.00	1.00
Decision maker on use of money
Both parents	46 (9.8)	230 (48.8)
The father only	36 (7.7)	76 (16.1)	2.3 (1.4, 3.9)
The mother only	22 (4.6)	61 (13)	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)
Educational status of the father
Have no formal education	36 (7.7)	65 (13.8)
Primary education	26 (5.5)	84 (17.8)	3.6 (1.6, 7.9)
Secondary education	32 (6.8)	152 (32.2)	2.0 (0.9, 4.5)
More than secondary education	10 (2.1)	66 (14.0)	1.3 (0.6, 2.9)
The family use latrine
Yes	97	327		1.00
No	7	40	1.6 (0.7, 3.9)	3.3 (1.2, 8.7)
The mother washes her hands after use of toilet
Yes	18 (3.8)	223 (47.3)	1.00	1.00
No	86 (18.3)	144 (30.6)	7.3 (4.2, 12.8)	6.7 (3.8, 11.8)

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.