Survey on diabetic patients treated with insulin during the fasting month of Ramadan

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study population, according to diabetes type

Characteristics of study population	Diabetes type 1	Diabetes type 2
n (%)	51 (9.7)	475 (90.3)
Age (years)	36.8 ± 11.6	58.3 ± 10.0
Sex (%)
Male	32 (62.8)	272 (57.5)
Female	19 (37.3)	201 (42.5)
Residence area (%)
Urban	45 (88.2)	431 (91.3)
Rural	6 (11.8)	41 (8.7)
Missing data=1
Education level (%)
Illiterate	1 (2.0)	64 (13.6)
Primary	6 (11.8)	114 (24.2)
Secondary	28 (54.9)	170 (36.0)
University	16 (31.4)	124 (26.3)
Missing data=1
Duration of diabetes (years)	11.0 ± 8.8	14.4 ± 7.9
Body mass index (kg/m^2)
<25	22 (45.8)	68 (15.1)
25–30	22 (45.8)	233 (51.7)
≥30	4 (8.3)	150 (33.3)

Notes: Missing data=22. Data presented as n (%) and mean ± standard deviation.

Table 2 Mean number of hypoglycemic episodes 1 month before and during Ramadan

Characteristics of population	Number of hypoglycemic episodes, before Ramadan		Number of hypoglycemic episodes, during (before) Ramadan		Difference of hypoglycemic episodes between, during, and before Ramadan (during – before)		p	Number of severe hypoglycemic episodes before Ramadan		Number of severe hypoglycemic episodes during Ramadan		Difference of severe hypoglycemic episodes between, during, and before Ramadan		p	Total
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		n
Type of diabetes															2
Non-specific
Type 1	1.31	2.22	0.75	1.62	−0.57	2.44	0.1	0.22	0.70	0.00	0.00	−0.22	0.70	0.03	51
Type 2	0.50	1.84	0.64	1.70	0.14	2.37	0.19	0.03	0.23	0.07	0.42	0.04	0.44	0.02	473
Sex	0.41	1.18	0.60	1.74	0.19	1.96	0,1	0.03	0.23	0.05	0.30	0.02	0.29	0.31	305
Male
Female	0.81	2.55	0.72	1.61	−0.09	2.86	0,65	0.06	0.40	0.10	0.51	0.03	0.66	0.47	221
Age in years
<50	0.76	1.96	0.69	1.96	−0.07	2.63	0.78	0.07	0.38	0.00	0.00	−0.07	0.38	0.06	121
50–59	0.40	1.13	0.69	1.71	0.29	1.83	0.03	0.05	0.39	0.11	0.57	0.05	0.61	0.23	186
≥60	0.63	2.32	0.59	1.51	−0.04	2.65	0.83	0.02	0.18	0.07	0.33	0.05	0.38	0.08	219
Total	0.58	1.89	0.65	1.69	0.07	2.38	0.48	0.04	0.31	0.07	0.40	0.02	0.48	0.27	526

Table 3 Factors associated with fasting during Ramadan without interruption: multivariate analysis using logistic model

Estimated odds ratios
Effect	Odds ratio	95% Confidence limits of odds ratio	p
Type 2 vs type 1 DM	1.969	(1.043–3.716)	0.0367
Male vs female	1.677	(1.115–2.522)	0.0131
Urban vs rural	1.730	(0.898–3.332)	0.1011
Secondary vs illiterate/primary	1.309	(0.813–2.108)	0.2675
University level vs illiterate/primary level	1.756	(0.998–3.089)	0.0507
Living with family vs living alone	1.779	(0.728–4.349)	0.2067
Insulin analog	1.442	(0.960–2.167)	0.07

Figure 1 Reasons for fasting interruption during Ramadan 2013.

Figure 2 Treatment before Ramadan.

Abbreviation: OAD, oral anti diabetic.

Figure 3 Treatment during Ramadan.

Abbreviation: OAD, oral anti diabetic.

Table 4 Proportion of normal values of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, before, during, or after Ramadan

	Type of diabetes		P (type 1 vs type 2)
	Type 1 n (%)	Type 2 n (%)
Fasting plasma glucose <1.27 g/L, before Ramadan	7 (25.0)	128 (33.2)	0.36
Fasting plasma glucose <1.27 g/L, during or after Ramadan	8 (20.0)	118 (27.4)	0.3
P (before vs during or after Ramadan)	0.31	0.19
Hb1Ac <7% before Ramadan	5 (18.5)	51 (14.3)	0.55
Hb1Ac <7% during or after Ramadan	4 (10.3)	54 (14.8)	0.43
P (before vs during or after Ramadan)	0.41	0.74