Cardiovascular System Affection and Its Relation to First-Year Mortality in Patients Initiating Maintenance Hemodialysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Included Patients

Variable	Patients (N = 100)
Age in years, mean ± SD	50.6 ± 13.89
Male, n (%)	47 (47)
BMI in kg/m^2, mean ± SD	24.61 ± 5.37
Route of dialysis, n (%)
A-V fistulas	73 (73)
Catheter	25 (25)
Permacath	2 (2)
Risk factors of CVD (total 29), n (%)
Diabetes	19 (65.5)
Hypertension	18 (62.1)
Dyslipidemia	22 (75.9)
Smoking	5 (17.2)
Peripheral vascular disease	19 (65.5)
History of stroke	11 (37.9)
Risk factor of dialysis, n (%)
Hypertension	48 (48)
Diabetes	36 (36)
Glomerulonephritis	15 (15)
Idiopathic	11 (11)
Obstructive uropathy	8 (8)
Lupus nephritis	6 (6)
Polycystic kidney disease	4 (4)
Cardio renal syndrome	1 (1)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; A-V, arteriovenous fistulas; CVD, cardiovascular diseases.

Table 2 Correlation Between PTH, Ph Levels and Vascular Calcification

		Vascular Calcification		Total	p alue
		Negative	Positive
PTH	>300 pg/mL	21	18	39	<0.001
	<300 pg/mL	57	4	61
Ph level	<6 mg/dL	60	6	66	<0.001
	>6 mg/dL	18	16	34

Notes: Patients with vascular calcification had significantly higher PTH and Ph level, p value <0.001.

Abbreviations: PTH, parathormone hormone; Ph, phosphorus.

Table 3 Correlation Between CRP and Vascular Calcification

		Vascular Calcification		Total	p alue
		Negative	Positive
CRP	Positive	20	19	39	<0.001
	Negative	58	3	61
	Total	78	22	100

Notes: Patients with vascular calcification had significantly higher CRP level, p value <0.001.

Abbreviation: CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Vascular Calcification, CRP, PTH, and Ph Levels

Parameter	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p alue
PTH >300	10.463	2.145–51.035	0.004
CRP	43.655	6.287–303.105	<0.001
Ph >6	18	2.989–108.38	0.002
Constant	−6.05

Notes: There were statistically significant correlation between vascular calcification, PTH, CRP and phosphorus level, p value 0.004, <0.001, 0.002, respectively.

Abbreviations: PTH, parathormone hormone; Ph, phosphorus; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Figure 1 Correlation between anemia and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Abbreviation: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.

Table 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Death

Cardiovascular Causes of Death	Number (%)	Total
MI	5 (27.8)	18
Pulmonary Emboli	2 (11.1)
HF	4 (22.2)
SCD	5 (27.8)
IC Hg	1 (5.55)
Stroke	1 (5.55)

Abbreviations: MI, myocardial infarction; SCD, sudden cardiac death; IC Hg, intracranial hemorrhage; HF, heart failure.

Figure 2 Causes of first-year mortality of all studied patients.

Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular diseases.

Table 6 ECHO and ECG Finding of All Studied Patients

ECHO	Number	Percentage (%)
LVH	23	23.0
IHD	15	15.0
Normal	26	26.0
HF	3	3.0
PE	13	13.0
PHTN	1	1.0
IDCM	10	10.0
Dilated RT	1	1.0
Severe MR	1	1.0
RHD	2	2.0
TGA	1	1.0
MOD MR	4	4.0
ECG	Number	Percentage (%)
LVH	23	23.0
IHD	25	25.0
AF	12	12.0
Normal	33	33.0
LBBB	7	7.0
Total	100	100.0

Abbreviations: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; IHD, ischemic heart disease; HF, heart failure; PE, pericardial effusion; IDCM, ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy; TGA, transposition of great arteries; PHTN, pulmonary hypertension; RHD, rheumatic heart disease; Dilated RT, dilated right side; Severe MR, severe mitral regurge; MOD MR, moderate regurge; AF, atrial fibrillation; LBBB, left bundle branch block.

Figure 3 (A and B) Survival analysis of the studied group using Kaplan–Meier, mean survival time is 18.186 months.